Acronym for Multipurpose
Internet Mail Extensions. A protocol widely used on the Internet that
extends the SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol to permit data, such as video,
sound, and binary files, to be transmitted by Internet e-mail without having to
be translated into ASCII format first. This is accomplished by the use of MIME
types, which describe the contents of a document. A MIME-compliant application
sending a file, such as some e-mail programs, assigns a MIME type to the file.
The receiving application, which must also be MIME-compliant, refers to a
standardized list of documents that are organized into MIME types and subtypes
to interpret the content of the file. For instance, one MIME type is text, and it has a number of subtypes, including plain and html. A MIME type of text/html refers to a file that contains text written in HTML.
MIME is part of HTTP, and both Web browsers and HTTP servers use MIME to
interpret e-mail files they send and receive.
What is memory management?
In operating systems for personal computers, procedures for optimizing the use
of RAM (random access memory). These procedures include selectively storing
data, monitoring it carefully, and freeing memory when the data is no longer
needed. Most current operating systems optimize RAM usage on their own; some
older operating systems, such as early versions of MS-DOS, required the use of
third-party utilities to optimize RAM usage and necessitated that the user be
more knowledgeable about how the operating system and applications used memory.
See also
memory management unit, RAM. 2. In programming, the process of ensuring that a program
releases each chunk of memory when it is no longer needed. In some languages,
such as C and C++, the programmer must keep track of memory usage by the
program. Java, a newer language, automatically frees any chunk of memory that is
not in use. See
also C, C++, garbage collection, Java.
Memory management program :- A program used to store data and programs in system memory, monitor their use, and reassign the freed space following their execution. 2. A program that uses hard disk space as an extension of the random access memory RAM.
Memory management unit :-The hardware that supports the mapping of virtual memory addresses to physical memory addresses. In some systems, such as those based on the 68020, the memory management unit is separate from the processor. In most modern microcomputers, however, the memory management unit is built into the CPU chip. In some systems, the memory management unit provides interfacing between the microprocessor and memory. This type of memory management unit is typically responsible for address multiplexing and, in the case of DRAMs, the refresh cycle. Acronym: MMU. See also physical address, refresh cycle, virtual address.
Memory management program :- A program used to store data and programs in system memory, monitor their use, and reassign the freed space following their execution. 2. A program that uses hard disk space as an extension of the random access memory RAM.
Memory management unit :-The hardware that supports the mapping of virtual memory addresses to physical memory addresses. In some systems, such as those based on the 68020, the memory management unit is separate from the processor. In most modern microcomputers, however, the memory management unit is built into the CPU chip. In some systems, the memory management unit provides interfacing between the microprocessor and memory. This type of memory management unit is typically responsible for address multiplexing and, in the case of DRAMs, the refresh cycle. Acronym: MMU. See also physical address, refresh cycle, virtual address.
What is markup language?
A set of codes in a text file that instructs a computer
how to format the file on a printer or video display or how to index and link
its contents. Examples of markup languages are Hypertext Markup LanguageHTML
and Extensible Markup Language XML, which are used in Web pages, and Standard
Generalized Markup Language SGML, which is used for typesetting and desktop
publishing purposes and in electronic
documents. Markup languages of this sort are designed to enable documents and other files to be platform-independent and highly portable between applications. See also HTML, SGML, XML.
documents. Markup languages of this sort are designed to enable documents and other files to be platform-independent and highly portable between applications. See also HTML, SGML, XML.
why need For a relational database?
A database or database management system that stores
information in tables—rows and columns of data—and conducts searches by using
data in specified columns of one table to find additional data in another table.
In a relational database, the rows of a table represent records (collections of
information about separate items) and the columns represent fields (particular
attributes of a record). In conducting searches, a relational database matches
information from a field in one table with information in a corresponding field
of another table to produce a third table that combines requested data from both
tables.
For example, if one table contains the fields EMPLOYEE-ID, LAST-NAME, FIRST-NAME, and HIRE-DATE, and another contains the fields DEPT, EMPLOYEE-ID, and SALARY, a relational database can match the EMPLOYEE-ID fields in the two tables to find such information as the names of all employees earning a certain salary or the departments of all employees hired after a certain date. In other words, a relational database uses matching values in two tables to relate information in one to information in the other. Microcomputer database products typically are relational databases. Compare flat-file database, inverted-list database.
For example, if one table contains the fields EMPLOYEE-ID, LAST-NAME, FIRST-NAME, and HIRE-DATE, and another contains the fields DEPT, EMPLOYEE-ID, and SALARY, a relational database can match the EMPLOYEE-ID fields in the two tables to find such information as the names of all employees earning a certain salary or the departments of all employees hired after a certain date. In other words, a relational database uses matching values in two tables to relate information in one to information in the other. Microcomputer database products typically are relational databases. Compare flat-file database, inverted-list database.
Os registry?
A central hierarchical database in Windows 9x, Windows
CE, Windows NT, and Windows 2000 used to store information necessary to
configure the system for one or more users, applications, and hardware devices.
The Registry contains information that Windows continually references during
operation, such as profiles for each user, the applications installed on the
computer and the types of documents each can create, property sheet settings for
folders and application icons, what hardware exists on the system, and which
ports are being used.
The Registry replaces most of the text-based .ini files used in Windows 3. x and MS-DOS configuration files, such as AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS. Although the Registry is common to the several Windows platforms, there are some differences among them. Also called: system registry. See also hierarchical database, .ini, input/output port, property sheet, Registry Editor.
The Registry replaces most of the text-based .ini files used in Windows 3. x and MS-DOS configuration files, such as AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS. Although the Registry is common to the several Windows platforms, there are some differences among them. Also called: system registry. See also hierarchical database, .ini, input/output port, property sheet, Registry Editor.
Whai is macro?
In applications, a set of keystrokes and instructions recorded and saved under a
short key code or macro name. When the key code is typed or the macro name is
used, the program carries out the instructions of the macro. Users can create a
macro to save time by replacing an often-used, sometimes lengthy, series of
strokes with a shorter version. 2. In programming languages, such as C or assembly language,
a name that defines a set of instructions that are substituted for the macro
name wherever the name appears in a program a process called macro expansion when the program is compiled or assembled.
Macros are similar to functions in that they can take arguments and in that they are calls to lengthier sets of instructions. Unlike functions, macros are replaced by the actual instructions they represent when the program is prepared for execution; function instructions are copied into a program only once.
Macros are similar to functions in that they can take arguments and in that they are calls to lengthier sets of instructions. Unlike functions, macros are replaced by the actual instructions they represent when the program is prepared for execution; function instructions are copied into a program only once.
What is modem?
Short for
modulator/demodulator. A
communications device that converts between digital data from a computer or
terminal and analog audio signals that can pass through a standard telephone
line. Because the telephone system was designed to handle voice and other audio
signals and a computer processes signals as discrete units of digital
information, a modem is necessary at both ends of the telephone line to exchange
data between computers. At the transmit end, the modem converts from digital to
analog audio;
at the receiving end, a second modem converts the analog audio back to its original digital form.
In order to move a high volume of data, high-speed modems rely on sophisticated methods for “loading” information onto the audio carrier—for example, they may combine frequency shift keying, phase modulation, and amplitude modulation to enable a single change in the carrier’s state to represent multiple bits of data. In addition to the basic modulation and demodulation functions, most modems also include firmware that allows them to originate and answer telephone calls. International standards for modems are specified by the International Telecommunications Union, or ITU.
Despite their capabilities, modems do require communications software in order to function. See also amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, quadrature amplitude modulation. Compare digital modem. 2. Any communications device that acts as an interface between a computer or terminal and a communications channel. Although such a device may not actually modulate or demodulate analog signals, it may be described as a modem because a modem is perceived by many users to be a black box that connects a computer to a communications line such as a high-speed network or a cable TV system.
at the receiving end, a second modem converts the analog audio back to its original digital form.
In order to move a high volume of data, high-speed modems rely on sophisticated methods for “loading” information onto the audio carrier—for example, they may combine frequency shift keying, phase modulation, and amplitude modulation to enable a single change in the carrier’s state to represent multiple bits of data. In addition to the basic modulation and demodulation functions, most modems also include firmware that allows them to originate and answer telephone calls. International standards for modems are specified by the International Telecommunications Union, or ITU.
Despite their capabilities, modems do require communications software in order to function. See also amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, quadrature amplitude modulation. Compare digital modem. 2. Any communications device that acts as an interface between a computer or terminal and a communications channel. Although such a device may not actually modulate or demodulate analog signals, it may be described as a modem because a modem is perceived by many users to be a black box that connects a computer to a communications line such as a high-speed network or a cable TV system.
What is Internet domain?
Internet Domains
In database design and management, the set of valid values for a given attribute. For example, the domain for the attribute AREA-CODE might be the list of all valid three-digit numeric telephone area codes in the United States. For Windows NT Advanced Server, a collection of computers that share a common domain database and security policy. Each domain has a unique name. 3. In the Internet and other networks, the highest subdivision of a domain name in a network address, which identifies the type of entity owning the address for example, .com for commercial users or .edu for educational institutions) or the geographical location of the address for example, .fr for France or .sg for Singapore. The domain is the last part of the address for example, www.example.org.Top-Level Domains: Organizational
| Domain | Type of Organization |
| .aero | Air-transport industry |
| .biz | Businesses |
| .com | Commercial |
| .coop | Cooperatives |
| .edu | Educational |
| .gov | Nonmilitary agency, United States federal government |
| .info | Unrestricted use |
| .int | International organization |
| .mil | United States military |
| .museum | Museums |
| .name | Individuals |
| .net | Network provider |
| .org | Nonprofit organization |
| .pro | Professional workers |
| Domain | Country/Region |
| .ac | Ascension Island |
| .ad | Andorra |
| .ae | United Arab Emirates |
| .af | Afghanistan |
| .ag | Antigua and Barbuda |
| .ai | Anguilla |
| .al | Albania |
| .am | Armenia |
| .an | Netherlands Antilles |
| .ao | Angola |
| .aq | Antarctica |
| .ar | Argentina |
| .as | American Samoa |
| .at | Austria |
| .au | Australia |
| .aw | Aruba |
| .az | Azerbaijan |
| .ba | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| .bb | Barbados |
| .bd | Bangladesh |
| .be | Belgium |
| .bf | Burkina Faso |
| .bg | Bulgaria |
| .bh | Bahrain |
| .bi | Burundi |
| .bj | Benin |
| .bm | Bermuda |
| .bn | Brunei |
| .bo | Bolivia |
| .br | Brazil |
| .bs | Bahamas, The |
| .bt | Bhutan |
| .bv | Bouvet Island |
| .bw | Botswana |
| .by | Belarus |
| .bz | Belize |
| .ca | Canada |
| .cc | Cocos (Keeling) Islands |
| .cd | Congo (DRC) |
| .cf | Central African Republic |
| .cg | Congo |
| .ch | Switzerland |
| .ci | Côte d‘Ivoire |
| .ck | Cook Islands |
| .cl | Chile |
| .cm | Cameroon |
| .cn | China |
| .co | Colombia |
| .cr | Costa Rica |
| .cu | Cuba |
| .cv | Cape Verde |
| .cx | Christmas Island |
| .cy | Cyprus |
| .cz | Czech Republic |
| .de | Germany |
| .dj | Djibouti |
| .dk | Denmark |
| .dm | Dominica |
| .do | Dominican Republic |
| .dz | Algeria |
| .ec | Ecuador |
| .ee | Estonia |
| .eg | Egypt |
| .er | Eritrea |
| .es | Spain |
| .et | Ethiopia |
| .fi | Finland |
| .fj | Fiji Islands |
| .fk | Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |
| .fm | Micronesia |
| .fo | Faroe Islands |
| .fr | France |
| .ga | Gabon |
| .gd | Grenada |
| .ge | Georgia |
| .gf | French Guiana |
| .gg | Guernsey |
| .gh | Ghana |
| .gi | Gibraltar |
| .gl | Greenland |
| .gm | Gambia, The |
| .gn | Guinea |
| .gp | Guadeloupe |
| .gq | Equatorial Guinea |
| .gr | Greece |
| .gs | South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |
| .gt | Guatemala |
| .gu | Guam |
| .gw | Guinea-Bissau |
| .gy | Guyana |
| .hk | Hong Kong SAR |
| .hm | Heard Island and McDonald Islands |
| .hn | Honduras |
| .hr | Croatia |
| .ht | Haiti |
| .hu | Hungary |
| .id | Indonesia |
| .ie | Ireland |
| .il | Israel |
| .im | Man, Isle of |
| .in | India |
| .io | British Indian Ocean Territory |
| .iq | Iraq |
| .ir | Iran |
| .is | Iceland |
| .it | Italy |
| .je | Jersey |
| .jm | Jamaica |
| .jo | Jordan |
| .jp | Japan |
| .ke | Kenya |
| .kg | Kyrgzstan |
| .kh | Cambodia |
| .ki | Kiribati |
| .km | Comoros |
| .kn | St. Kitts and Nevis |
| .kp | North Korea |
| .kr | Korea |
| .kw | Kuwait |
| .ky | Cayman Islands |
| .kz | Kazakhstan |
| .la | Laos |
| .lb | Lebanon |
| .lc | St. Lucia |
| .li | Liechtenstein |
| .lk | Sri Lanka |
| .lr | Liberia |
| .ls | Lesotho |
| .lt | Lithuania |
| .lu | Luxembourg |
| .lv | Latvia |
| .ly | Libya |
| .ma | Morocco |
| .mc | Monaco |
| .md | Moldova |
| .mg | Madagascar |
| .mh | Marshall Islands |
| .mk | Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of |
| .ml | Mali |
| .mm | Myanmar |
| .mn | Mongolia |
| .mo | Macau SAR |
| .mp | Northern Mariana Islands |
| .mq | Martinique |
| .mr | Mauritania |
| .ms | Montserrat |
| .mt | Malta |
| .mu | Mauritius |
| .mv | Maldives |
| .mw | Malawi |
| .mx | Mexico |
| .my | Malaysia |
| .mz | Mozambique |
| .na | Namibia |
| .nc | New Caledonia |
| .ne | Niger |
| .nf | Norfolk Island |
| .ng | Nigeria |
| .ni | Nicaragua |
| .nl | Netherlands, The |
| .no | Norway |
| .np | Nepal |
| .nr | Nauru |
| .nu | Niue |
| .nz | New Zealand |
| .om | Oman |
| .pa | Panama |
| .pe | Peru |
| .pf | French Polynesia |
| .pg | Papua New Guinea |
| .ph | Philippines |
| .pk | Pakistan |
| .pl | Poland |
| .pm | St. Pierre and Miquelon |
| .pn | Pitcairn Islands |
| .pr | Puerto Rico |
| .ps | Palestinian Authority |
| .pt | Portugal |
| .pw | Palau |
| .py | Paraguay |
| .qa | Qatar |
| .re | Reunion |
| .ro | Romania |
| .ru | Russia |
| .rw | Rwanda |
| .sa | Saudi Arabia |
| .sb | Solomon Islands |
| .sc | Seychelles |
| .sd | Sudan |
| .se | Sweden |
| .sg | Singapore |
| .sh | St. Helena |
| .si | Slovenia |
| .sj | Svalbard and Jan Mayen |
| .sk | Slovakia |
| .sl | Sierra Leone |
| .sm | San Marino |
| .sn | Senegal |
| .so | Somalia |
| .sr | Suriname |
| .st | São Tomé and PrÃncipe |
| .sv | El Salvador |
| .sy | Syria |
| .sz | Swaziland |
| .tc | Turks and Caicos Islands |
| .td | Chad |
| .tf | French Southern and Antarctic Lands |
| .tg | Togo |
| .th | Thailand |
| .tj | Tajikistan |
| .tk | Tokelau |
| .tm | Turkmenistan |
| .tn | Tunisia |
| .to | Tonga |
| .tp | East Timor |
| .tr | Turkey |
| .tt | Trinidad and Tobago |
| .tv | Tuvalu |
| .tw | Taiwan |
| .tz | Tanzania |
| .ua | Ukraine |
| .ug | Uganda |
| .uk | United Kingdom |
| .um | U.S. Minor Outlying Islands |
| .us | United States |
| .uy | Uruguay |
| .uz | Uzbekistan |
| .va | Vatican City |
| .vc | St. Vincent and the Grenadines |
| .ve | Venezuela |
| .vg | Virgin Islands, British |
| .vi | Virgin Islands |
| .vn | Vietnam |
| .vu | Vanuatu |
| .wf | Wallis and Futuna |
| .ws | Samoa |
| .ye | Yemen |
| .yt | Mayotte |
| .yu | Yugoslavia |
| .za | South Africa |
| .zm | Zambia |
| .zw | Zimbabwe |
what is ANSI?
Acronym for American National Standards Institute. A voluntary, nonprofit organization of business
and industry groups formed in 1918 for the development and adoption of trade and
communication standards in the United States. ANSI is the American
representative of ISO (the International Organization for Standardization).
Among its many concerns, ANSI has developed recommendations for the use of
programming languages including FORTRAN, C, and COBOL, and various networking
technologies. See
also ANSI C, ANSI.SYS,
SCSI. 2. The Microsoft Windows ANSI character set. This set is
includes ISO 8859/x plus additional characters. This set was originally based on
an ANSI draft standard. The MS-DOS operating system uses the ANSI character set
if ANSI.SYS is installed.
Acronym for American National Standards Institute Standards Planning and Requirements Committee. The ANSI committee that, in the 1970s, proposed a generalized, three-schema architecture that is used as the foundation for some database management systems.
An installable device driver for MS-DOS computers that uses ANSI commands (escape sequences) to enhance the user’s control of the console. See also ANSI, driver, escape sequence, install.
A standard entitled “Representation for Calendar Date and Ordinal Date for Information Interchange” from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) that covers date formats. Many organizations, including the U.S.
Acronym for American National Standards Institute Standards Planning and Requirements Committee. The ANSI committee that, in the 1970s, proposed a generalized, three-schema architecture that is used as the foundation for some database management systems.
An installable device driver for MS-DOS computers that uses ANSI commands (escape sequences) to enhance the user’s control of the console. See also ANSI, driver, escape sequence, install.
A standard entitled “Representation for Calendar Date and Ordinal Date for Information Interchange” from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) that covers date formats. Many organizations, including the U.S.
What is anonymous FTP?
The ability to access a remote computer system on which
one does not have an account, via the Internet’s File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
Users have restricted access rights with anonymous FTP and usually can only copy
files to or from a public directory, often named /pub,
on the remote system. Users can also typically use FTP commands, such as listing
files and directories. When using anonymous FTP, the user accesses the remote
computer system with an FTP program and generally uses anonymous or ftp as a logon name. The
password is usually the user’s e-mail address, although a user can often skip
giving a password or give a false e-mail address. In other cases, the password
can be the word anonymous. Many FTP sites do not permit
anonymous FTP access in order to maintain security. Those that do permit
anonymous FTP sometimes restrict users to only downloading files for the same
reason.