SEO Tips on Conducting


From the most high-level perspective, user researchis the science of observing and
monitoring how we and our customers interact with everyday things such as websites
or software or hardware, and to then draw conclusions about how to improve those
customer experiences. Sometimes we do this in a lab environment (complete with
one-way mirrors and cameras pointed at the participants), other times we do this in
people’s native environments offices, homes, and still other times we use
surveys to monitor key metrics such as customer satisfaction and task completion rates.
The greatest benefit of user research is that it allows all of us to get really close
to our customers and get a real-world feel for their needs, wants, and perceptions of
interactions with our websites.

UCD methodologies represent the purest sense of customer centricity because
they allow you to engage in a dialogue with your customers in a way that you can’t
when using other methodologies. The UCD methodologies outlined in this chapter
empower you to reach a level of Why understanding that is missing from many other
methodologies. They move you from talking the talk to being able to walk the walk
when it comes to focusing your company/products/websites around customer centricity.

Lab Usability Testing
Lab usability testsmeasure a user’s ability to complete tasks. Usability tests are best for
optimizing User Interface (UI) designs and work flows, understanding the customer’s
voice, and understanding what customers really do. In a typical usability test, a user
attempts to complete a task or set of tasks by using a website or software or a product.
Each of these tasks has a specified goal with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction
identified in a specified usage context.

A typical study will have eight to twelve participants. Early on during these tests,
patterns begin to emerge with as few as five users that highlight which parts of the
customer experience or process are working well and which are causing problems.

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Analyzing the Data
1. As soon as possible, hold a debriefing session with all the observers so that
everyone can share their thoughts and observations.

2. Take time to note trends and patterns.

3. Do a deep dive analysis with a goal of identifying the root causes of failures based
on actual observations. (For example: The FAQ answers on the website were too
long. The Contact Us link was not apparent and hidden “below the fold.” It was
not clear that they could not contact us via phone. Or almost everyone complained
that their expectations were not set about when to expect a reply.) The moderator
is responsible for tallying successes and failures by each participant for each task.

4. Make recommendations to fix the problems identified. Usually you create a
PowerPoint deck that collects all the scores. Then for each critical task identify
the points of failure, make concrete recommendations that will improve the customer experience,
 and categorize the recommendations into Urgent, Important.

Features of MySQL Database server

MySQL is a relational database management system. Whether you’re involved with a Web site that processes millions of requests a day like eBay or Yahoo!, or a smaller site such as your own online shop or training course, the data must be stored in an organized and structured way for easy access and processing. This is handled by a database management system such as MySQL where the data is stored in tables rather than in a flat file.

MySQL uses the client/server model; that is, a database server (MySQL) that serves (communicates) with multiple clients application programs, where the clients may or may not be on the same computer. It also supports SQL, the structured query language, a standardized language used by most modern databases for working with data and administering the database.
MySQL software is open source. As discussed earlierin this chapter, open source means that it is possible for anyone to download MySQL from the Internet, and use and modify the software without paying anything. The MySQL software uses the GPL GNU General Public License, http://www.fsf.org/licenses/, to define what you may and may not do with the software in different situations. If you need to use MySQL code in a commercial application, you can buy a
commercially licensed version. See the MySQL Licensing Overview for more information
http://www.mysql.com/company/legal/licensing.
The MySQL Database Server is very fast, reliable, and easy to use. MySQL Server was originally developed to handle large databases much faster than existing solutions and has been successfully used in highly demanding production environments for several years. Its connectivity, speed, and security make MySQL Server highly suited for accessing databases on the Internet.
MySQL serves as a back end for all kinds of information such as e-mail, Web images and content, games, log files, and so on. The vps server can be embedded in applications such as cell phones, electronic devices, public kiosks, and more


Advantages of MySQL and PHP
Certain technologies play together better than others. PHP, a simple and powerful scripting language, and MySQL, a
solid and reliable database server, make a perfect marriage between two modern technologies for building databasedriven, dynamic Web sites. Some of the advantages of both PHP and MySQL are:
•  High performance
•  Built-in libraries
•  Extensibility
•  Relatively low cost
•  Portability
•  Developer community
•  Ease of learning
High Performance
PHP is no longer considered just a grassroots scripting language, but now with PHP 5, and its highly efficient built-in
Zend engine, PHP accommodates developers and IT decision makers in the business trend to rapidly release and update
software on the Web faster than conventional programming cycles have allowed.
MySQL, a highly optimized database server, provides the response time and throughput to meet the most demanding applications.
With PHP scripts connected to a MySQL database, millions of pages can be served on a single inexpensive server.
Built-In Libraries
PHP comes with many built-in functions addressing common Web development tasks. Problems encountered by other
programmers have been solved and packaged into a library of routines, made available to the PHP community. The
official PHP Web site at http://www.php.netprovides excellent documentation explaining how to use all of the
functions currently available.
Extensibility
PHP and MySQL are both extensible, meaning that developers around the world are contributing add-on modules to
extend the functionality and power of the languages to stay current with the growing market needs and standards of the
day. You can also obtain the source code for both PHP and MySQL. Source code is the code that a program consists of
before theprogram is compiled; that is, the original building instructions of a program.
Relatively Low Cost
As a Web developer you can demand a lot more money for your time if you can master PHP and MySQL. Because they
are open source projects, there is no licensefee associated with using PHP or MySQL. Because both applications run on
almost any platform, you also have a wide range of hardware choices lowering the total cost of ownership. With so
many qualified PHP developers sharing information on the Web, and excellent online documentation, you can get the
most up-to-date, reliable information without paying for it.
Portability
PHP and MySQL run on almost any platform, including Linux, Windows, Mac OS X, FreeBSD, Solaris, and so on. If
well written, you can simply copy the code from one server to another and expect the same results, perhaps with some
minor adjustments.
Developer Community
Both PHP and MySQL have a huge following in the development community. If you run into a problem, you can
usually very quickly find support on the Web, where your problem can be posted, identified, and resolved by other
users and developers sharing your problem. Developers worldwide are constantly finding and resolving bugs and
security holes, while working to keep these languagesup-to-date and optimized.
Ease of Learning
PHP and MySQL are relatively easy to learn. Most of the PHP constructs are similar to other languages, specifically
Perl, making it familiar to most developers. MySQL uses the SQL query language and English-like language used by
most modern database management systems today. If you have had any experience with SQL, you will find using it
with MySQL an easy transition.

What is Software?

One way to describe the hardware of a computer system is that it provides
a framework for executing programs and storing files. The kinds of programs
 that run on Linux platforms vary widely in size and complexity, but tend to
 share certain common characteristics. Here is a list of useful facts
concerning Linux programs and files.

A file is a collection of data that is usually stored on disk, although some
files are stored on tape. Linux treats peripherals as special files, so that terminals,
 printers, and other devices are accessible in the same way as disk-based files.

A program is a collection of bytes representing code and data that are stored in a file.

When a program is started, it is loaded from disk into RAM actually, only parts of
it are loaded, but we'll come to that later. When a program is running it is called
 a process.

Most processes read and write data from files.

Processes and files have an owner and may be protected against unauthorized access.

Linux supports a hierarchical directory structure.

Files and processes have a "location" within the directory hierarchy.
A process may change its own location and/or the location of a file.

Linux provides services for the creation, modification, and destruction
of programs, processes, and files.

Computers Basics for Beginners



Computers Basics for Beginners

Hardware
Computer systems, whether large or small, multi-user or single-user, expensive or cheap,
include most of the following pieces of hardware:

 Central Processing Unit-CPU
This reads machine code instructions in a form that a computer can understand from
 memory and executes it. A CPU is often likened to the "brain" of a computer.

 Bus
This is the connection, or data path, between the CPU and the system memory and devices
 of a computer system. All data that moves from a disk drive into memory, or from memory
 to the CPU, travels across the system's bus.

Random Access Memory-RAM
This holds the machine code and data that are accessed by the CPU. RAM normally
forgets everything it holds when the power is turned off.

Read-Only Memory ROM
This holds both machine code and data. Its contents may not be changed and are
remembered even when the power is turned off.

Disks
These hold large amounts of data and code on a magnetic or optical medium, and
remember it all even when the power is turned off. Floppy disks are generally removable,
 whereas hard disks are not. Hard disks can hold a lot more information than floppy disks.

CD-ROM Drive
These allow digitally published information on a compact disc to be read by the computer.
 The information may be in a data stream or may constitute a file system that the
operating system can read as if it were on a hard disk drive.

Monitors
These display information and come in two flavors: monochrome and color. Monochrome
monitors are rare in newer computer systems.

Graphics Card
These allow the CPU to display information on a monitor. Many graphics cards have
on-board processors to decrease the load on the system processor.

 Keyboard
This allows a user to enter alphanumeric information. There are several different
kinds of keyboards available, depending partly on the language of the user. For example,
 Japanese keyboards are much larger than Western keyboards, as their alphabet is much
 larger. The Western keyboards are often referred to as QWERTY keyboards, as these are
the first six letters on the upper left-hand side of the keyboard.

Mouse
This allows a user to position things easily on the screen using short movements
 of the hand. Most mice have tails that connect them to the computer, but some
have radio or infrared connections that make the tail unnecessary.

 Printer
These allow a user to obtain hard copies of information. Some printers print characters
only, whereas others may print graphics.

Tape
These are generally used for making backup copies of information stored on disks.
They are slower than disks but store large amounts of data in a fairly cheap way.

Modem
A modem allows you to communicate with other computers across a telephone line.
 Different modems allow different rates of communication. Most modems even correct
 for errors that are caused by a poor telephone connection.

 Network Interface
A network interface card NIC allows your computer to communicate with other
computers across a high-speed link.

Other Peripherals
There are many other kinds of peripherals that computer systems can support,
including graphics tablets, optical scanners, array processors, sound cards,
voice recognition cards, and synthesizers to name a few.


TCP/IP Network Addresses-hosting



This kind of address is still in wide use and is what people commonly refer to as an IP address. Part of an IP address is used for the network address, and the other part is used to identify a particular interface on a host in that network. You should realize that IP addresses are assigned to interfaces-such as Ethernet cards or modems-and not to the host computer. Usually a computer has only one interface and is accessed using only that interface's IP address. In that regard, an IP address can be thought of as identifying a particular host system on a network, and so the IP address is usually referred to as the host address.





In fact, though, a host system could have several interfaces, each with its own IP address. This is the case for computers that operate as gateways and firewalls from the local network to the Internet. One interface usually connects to the LAN and another to the Internet, as by two Ethernet cards. Each interface (such as an Ethernet card) has its own IP address. For example, when you use the Red Hat Network Configuration tool to specify an IP address for an Ethernet card on your system, the Devices panel lists an entry for each Ethernet card installed on your computer, beginning with eth0 for the first. Opening up a Device window, you can select the TCP protocol in the Protocols panel to open a TCP/IP setting window where you can enter the card's IP address. Other Ethernet cards have their own IP addresses. Currently, the Linux kernel can support up to four network adapters. If you use a modem to connect to an ISP.

Originally, IP addresses were organized according to classes. On the Internet, networks are organized into three classes depending on their size-classes A, B, and C. A class A network uses only the first segment for the network address and the remaining three for the host, allowing a great many computers to be connected to the same network. Most IP addresses reference smaller, class C, networks. For a class C network, the first three segments are used to identify the network, and only the last segment identifies the host. Altogether, this forms a unique address with which to identify any network interface on computers in a TCP/IP network. For example, in the IP address 192.168.1.72, the network part is 192.168.1 and the interface/host part is 72. The interface/host is a part of a network whose own address is 192.168.1.0.

In a class C network, the first three numbers identify the network part of the IP address. This part is divided into three network numbers, each identifying a subnet. Networks on the Internet are organized into subnets, beginning with the largest and narrowing to small subnetworks. The last number is used to identify a particular computer, referred to as a host. You can think of the Internet as a series of networks with subnetworks; these subnetworks have their own subnetworks. The rightmost number identifies the host computer, and the number preceding it identifies the subnetwork of which the computer is a part. The number to the left of that identifies the network the subnetwork is part of, and so on. The Internet address 192.168.187.4 references the fourth computer connected to the network identified by the number 187.

An IPv6 address is written as 8 segments representing 16 bits each 128 bits total. To more easily represent 16 bit binary numbers, hexadecimal numbers are used. Hexadecimal numbers use 16 unique numbers, instead of the 8 used in octal numbering. These are 0 through 9, continuing with the characters A through F.
In the following example, the first four segments represent the network part of the IPv6 address, and the following four segments represent the interface (host) address.
FEC0:0000:0000:0000:0008:0800:200C:417A
You can cut any preceding zeros, but not trailing zeros in any given segment. Segments with all zeros can be reduced to a single zero.
FEC0:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A
The loopback address used for locahost addressing can be written with seven preceding zeros and a 1.
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
Many addresses will have sequences of zeros. IPv6 supports a shorthand symbol for representing a sequence of several zeros in adjacent fields. This consists of a double colon ::. There can be only one use of the :: symbol per address.
FEC0::8:800:200C:417A

 

mysql_query-executes query



mysql_query function  executes query on the default database, set using mysql_select_db() or by a previous query using mysql_db_query(), on the MySQL server connection referenced by connection . If no connection handle is specified in the connection argument, the last connection opened is used by default. If no connection is open, mysql_query() attempts to connect to a MySQL database by calling mysql_connect() without arguments.


The value returned depends on the query. SELECT, DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN, and SHOW queries return a MySQL result handle if successful and FALSE if they fail. Note that these types of queries are considered to have failed only if they're malformed. Other query types return TRUE on success and FALSE on failure.


To find the number of rows affected by a query:

mysql_num_rows() 
To set the default database:
mysql_select_db() 
To retrieve data from a query:
mysql_fetch_array() 
mysql_fetch_assoc() 
mysql_fetch_object() 
mysql_fetch_row() 
mysql_result() 
To query a specific database:
mysql_db_query() 
 
 

mysql_result() fetches a single field from a MySQL result set. The function accepts two or three arguments.

The first argument should be a MySQL result handle returned by mysql_db_query() or mysql_query().
The second argument should be the row from which to fetch the field, specified as an offset. Row offsets start at 0.

The optional last argument can contain a field offset or a field name. If the argument is not set, a field offset of 0 is assumed. Field offsets start at 0, while field names are based on an alias, a column name, or an expression.

PHP's variable-related functions


PHP's variable-related functions are a key part of the language. Skilled programmers rely on them extensively to build robust code that uses type-checking. Functions like var_dump() and print_r() are also invaluable when debugging.
Here is a quick, task-based overview of the function group:
  • Cast a value from one type to another: doubleval(), intval(), strval()
  • Set the type of a variable: settype()
  • Determine the type of a variable: is_array(), is_bool(), is_double(), is_float(), is_int(), is_integer(), is_long(), is_null(), is_numeric(), is_object(), is_real(), is_resource(), is_scalar(), is_string(), get_resource_type(), gettype()
  • Destroy variables: unset()
  • Gather information about variables: empty(), get_defined_vars(), isset(), print_r(), var_dump()
  • Serialize and unserialize variables: serialize(), unserialize()


    Print the entire $GLOBALS array using PHP's functions for processing associative arrays:

    <?php
    reset($GLOBALS);
    while (list($key, $var) = each($GLOBALS)) {
        print "$key => $var\ n<br>\ n";
    }
    ?>
    

    The example uses PHP's list functions and each  functions to iteratively process the $GLOBALS array. It then prints the keys (names of the variables stored in the $GLOBALS array) and their corresponding values.

     PHP debugging
    var_dump functions displays information about variables in a simple, readable format. This function is very useful when debugging—providing a simple and easy way to display the current contents of one or more variables.
    For simple scalar variables such as booleans, integers, strings, and doubles, the type of the variable is printed, followed by an opening bracket, the value contained in the variable, and a closing bracket.
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Nargis Fakhri is now gr8 Bollywood actress.

She is an American model and actress.