Seo Tips|PHP|interview questions|hosting|Job|News|Top websites blogs list|Top classifieds

Find Top Seo Tools

PMA08:38

The Best 15 Free SEO Tools Online - Top seo tools | SocialSEO.com
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Android Games

PMA08:34

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Android App Builder

PMA08:32

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Top php classified script

PMA08:26

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Improved Array-HandlingPHP

PMA01:48

PHP offers a plethora of new functions for accessing and manipulating arrays. These functions include, but are not limited to, array_splice(), array_push(), array_pop(), and array_diff().

Integrated Sessions

One of the biggest problems with PHP 3 was its lack of an integrated session management system. Users either had to write their own sessions programs or rely on external session management systems, such as PHPLIB's session-handling functions. With the advent of PHP 4, the PHP Group authored a new sessions extension that allows for integrated sessions support.

Java Integration

PHP gives you the ability to integrate PHP with Java libraries and servlets. Simply create a new Java object and then you can call the Java object's methods and access its properties.

Buffering

PHP 4 offers an output-buffering subsystem that enables you access to the output of the script, manipulate it, and then do whatever you desire with the resulting data. One possible use of this feature is to create a page-caching system.

New Extensions

PHP comes with many new extensions that weren't available with PHP 3. These extensions include, but are not limited to, the swf, curl, exif, cybercash, sockets, and ingres_ii extensions.

PEAR

PEAR stands for PHP Extension and Application Repository. The concept of PEAR is akin to that of Perl's CPAN—it is a repository of PHP classes and supporting extensions to help you program. For example, the File_Find class is distributed through PEAR. This class enables you to map and search different directory trees. More information about PEAR is available at http://pear.php.net/.

PHP's built-in substr() and substr_replace() functions, which enable you to read and write parts of the string:

<?php
$sub_str = substr ($str, $initial_pos);
$sub_str = substr ($str, $initial_pos, $str_len);

$new_str = substr_replace ($str, $replacement, $initial_pos);
$new_str = substr_replace ($str, $replacement, $initial_pos, $str_len);
?>

PHP treats strings as a basic data type instead of an array of bytes. Therefore, it is possible for you to use a function such as substr() or substr_replace() to access and modify individual characters or portions of strings.

The first argument to substr() is the string on which you want to operate. The second argument to substr() specifies the beginning index of the substring you want to access. If the second argument is positive, the substring will start at that character counting from the beginning of the string. If the second argument is negative, the substring will start at that character counting from the end of the string.

Ternary Operator

the ?: conditional to test the value of the user input:

<?php

// If the user has provided a first argument to the program use
// that, otherwise STDIN (php://stdin)
$filename = isset ($argv[1]) ? $argv[1] : "php://stdin";

$fp = @fopen ($filename, 'r')
    or die ("Cannot Open $filename for reading");

while (!@feof ($fp)) {
    $line = @fgets ($fp, 1024);
    print $line;
}

@fclose ($fp);
?>

The preceding code implementing the ternary operator is the equivalent of the following:

<?php
if (isset ($argv[1])) {
    $filename = $argv[1];
} else {
    $filename = "php://stdin";
}
?>

However, PHP's ternary operator (?:) greatly reduces the time it takes for programmers to write these statements. Its syntax is as follows:

condition ? do_if_true : do_if_false;

The use of the ternary operator is what is known as "syntactical sugar"; that is, it is a construct that is not needed, but is a nice way of beautifying code. None the less, it can be used to replace ugly if .. else code blocks and improve the readability of your code.

The `list()` and `array()` constructs to switch the variables

the list() and array() constructs to switch the variables:

<?php
list ($var1, $var2) = array ($var2, $var1);
?>

In many other languages, you must use a temporary variable, like so:

<?php
$temp = $var1;
$var1 = $var2;
$var2 = $temp;
?>

However, in PHP, the list() construct does this for you. The list() construct is used to assign a list of variables

chr() and ord() or sprintf() to convert back and forth:

<?php
$letter = chr (67); // Upper case C
$ascii_code = ord ($letter); // 67

$letter = sprintf ("%c", $ascii_code); // Upper case C
?>

On the surface, converting ASCII values seems to be a pretty useless task. When I was a beginning programmer (Perl at the time), I thought that it was pointless for people even to write these functions and explanations. However, there are many cases in which you do need to convert back and forth.

To reverse all the words in a string, use a combination of the preg_split() function and the array_reverse() function:

<?php

function word_reverse ($str) {
    return implode ("", array_reverse (preg_split ("/\ s+/", $str)));
}

$str = "A rose by any other name";
$str_reversed = word_reverse ($str);
print $str_reversed;
// Outputs: name other any by rose A
?>

To reverse all the characters in a string, you can use PHP's strrev() function:

<?php

$str = "A rose by any other name";
$chars_reversed = strrev ($str);
print $chars_reversed;
// Outputs: eman rehto yna yb esor A
?>

The word_reverse() function uses the array_reverse() function, which is available 
only with PHP.

website-secure-PHP

PMA11:50

Cryptography is the process of changing the format of data (i.e., encrypting it) so that it is more difficult to read. Some cryptography, such as PGP, available for free for public use from http://www.pgp.com, uses public and private keys in order to encode and decode information. Other cryptographic systems, like the crypt() function built into PHP will encrypt data but will not decrypt it. You can find out more about crypt() within the Strings section of the PHP manual.

Cryptography is just a part of a secure solution as it can only be used once data has been received by the server. You may also need to take advantage of SSL connections in your Web sites. SSL, which stands for Secure Sockets Layer, is a method of securely transmitting information between a client (the Web browser) and the server. Utilization of SSL connections (indicated by the https://prefix in a URL) is a must for e-commerce applications. You can also specify that cookies are sent over a SSL connection by setting the proper parameters when using the setcookie function. Check with your ISP or server administrator to see if SSL connections are supported on the machine you are using.

Passwords used within your PHP application should always be encrypted. If the server you are using does not support mcrypt(), use crypt() to encrypt the password entered during the login, then check this against the stored encrypted password.

While PHP does not have the same security concerns that you might find using CGI scripts or ASP, they still exist. There are a several considerations to keep in mind while programming.

The first recommendation I would make is that files which contain sensitive information such as passwords be placed outside of the Web document root. Every Web server application uses a folder as the default root for Web documents. Items within the folder can be accessed via a URL but items located above the default folder cannot be. However, they can still be used within PHP with the line:

require ("../secure.php");

The above line of code will include the file secure.php which is located one folder above the current document.

My second recommendation is a two-parter involving getting user submitted data from HTML forms. First you should always remember to use the POST form method (as opposed to GET) when transferring sensitive information. This is because the GET method will append the submitted data to the URL, making it visible in the Web browser window.

Second, you should be wary of user-submitted data because it can be a common loophole through which malicious users can wreak havoc with your system. Clever people may be able to insert JavaScript or executable code into your site using an HTML form. This code could send them sensitive information, alter databases, and so forth.

If you will be doing more than just basic Web development work, you ought to seriously consider learning more about Web security than the few points illustrated in this appendix.

There are literally dozens upon dozens of Web sites you can visit to keep yourself informed of pertinent security issues. The most prominent four, in my opinion, are:

Computer Response Emergency Team http://www.cert.org
Security Focus http://www.security-focus.com
Packet Storm http://packetstorm.securify.com
World Wide Web Consortium http://http://www.w3.org/Security/Faq/www-security-faq.html

There are also any number of books available ranging from those that generically discuss security to those that will assist in establish secure Windows NT or Linux Web servers.

With respect to PHP, do not forget to read the PHP manual's section on security. Also review the security section of the documentation for the database you are using on the server. Some, such as MySQL's manual, includes tips specifically with respect to using PHP and MySQL.

PHP-Regular Expressions

PMA11:45

Think of regular expressions as an elaborate system of matching patterns. You first write the pattern, then use one of PHP's built-in functions to apply the pattern to a text string regular expressions are specifically for use with strings. PHP has essentially two functions for using regular expressions to match patterns one case sensitive and one not and two for matching patterns and replacing matched text with other text again, one case sensitive and one not

Some text editors, such as BBEdit for Macintosh, TextPad for Windows and emacs for Unix, allow you to use regular expressions to match and replace patterns within and throughout several documents.

This may be another good reason to learn regular expressions and is perhaps something to consider when choosing your text editor.

This is a fairly complete list of special characters used to define your regular expression patterns (including metacharacters but not literals—a, b, c, etc.).
Special Characters for Regular Expression
Character	Matches
.	any character
^a	begins with a
a$	ends with a
a+	at least one a
a?	zero or one a
\n	new line
\t	tab
\	escape
(ab)	ab grouped
a\|b	a or b
a{ 2}	aa
a{ 1,}	a, aa, aaa, etc.
a{ 1,3}	a, aa, aaa
[a-z]	any lowercase letter
[A-Z]	any uppercase letter
[0-9]	any digit

Regular expressions also make use of the pipe | as the equivalent of or. Therefore, "a|b" will match the strings a or b and "gre|ay" matches both potential spellings of the color. Using the pipe within patterns is called alternation.

Practically, of course, there's little use to matching repetitions of a letter in a string, but these examples are good ways to demonstrate how a symbol works. You should begin by focusing on understanding what the various symbols mean and how they are used.

To include special characters (^.[]$()|*?{ } \) in a pattern, they need to be escaped (a backslash put before them). This is true for the metacharacters and the grouping symbols (parenthesis and brackets). You can also use the backslash to match new lines ("\n") and tabs ("\t"), essentially creating a metacharacter out of a literal.

There are two functions built in to PHP expressly for the purpose of matching a pattern within a string: ereg() and eregi(). The only difference between the two is that ereg() treats patterns as case-sensitive whereas eregi() is case-insensitive, making it less particular. The latter is generally recommend for common use, unless you need to be more explicit (perhaps for security purposes, as with passwords). Both functions will be evaluated to TRUE if the pattern is matched, FALSE if it is not. Here are two different ways to use these functions:

ereg("pattern", "string");

Or:

$Pattern = "pattern";
$String = "string";
eregi($Pattern, $String);

Throughout the rest of the chapter, I will assign the pattern to a variable, as in the second example above, to draw more attention to the pattern itself—the heart of any regular expression.

Methods and Constructors-PHP

PMA00:39

Methods are the functions defined within the class. They work within the environment of the class, including its variables. For classes, there is a special method called a constructor that's called when a new instance of a class is created to do any work that initializes the class, such as setting up the values of variables in the class. The constructor is defined by creating a method that has the same name as the class. Creating the Test constructor

<?php
class Test {
  // Constructor
  function Test() {
  }
}
?>

PHP 5 supports a new syntax for creating a constructor method using _ 
_construct

<?php
class Test {
  // Constructor
  >__construct(){
  }
}
?>

When you declare a new instance of a class, the user-defined constructor is always called, assuming that one exists. As you know, a class provides the blueprint for objects. You create an object from a class. If you see the phrase "instantiating a class," this means the same thing as creating an object; therefore, you can think of them as being synonymous. When you create an object, you are creating an instance of a class, which means you are instantiating a class.

The new operator instantiates a class by allocating memory for that new object, which means that it requires a single, postfix argument, which is a call to a constructor. The name of the constructor provides the name of the class to instantiate, and the constructor initializes the new object.

The new operator returns a reference to the object that was created. Most of the time, this reference is assigned to a variable of the appropriate type. However, if the reference is not assigned to a variable, the object is unreachable after the statement in which the new operator finishes executing.

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PHP-Super global variables

PMA00:31

Global variables should be used sparingly, since it's easy to accidentally modify a variable by mistake. This kind of error can be very difficult to locate. Additionally, when we discuss functions in detail, you'll learn that you can send in values to functions when you call them and get values returned from them when they're done. That all boils down to the fact that you really don't have to use global variables.

If you want to use a variable in a specific function without losing the value each time the function ends, but you don't want to use a global variable, you would use a static variable.

PHP uses special variables called super globals to provide information about the PHP script's environment. These variables don't need to be declared as global; they are automatically available and provide important information beyond the script's environment, such as values from a user input.

PHP super globals
Variable array name	Contents
$GLOBALS	Contains any global variables that are accessible for the local script. The variable names are used to select which part of the array to access.
$_SERVER	Contains information about the web server environment.
$_GET	Contains information from `GET` requests (a form submission).
$_POST	Contains information from `POST` requests (another type of form submission).
$_COOKIE	Contains inform from HTTP cookies.
$_FILES	Contains information from `POST` file uploads.
$_ENV	Contains information about the environment (Windows or Mac).
$_REQUEST	Contains information from user inputs. These values should not be trusted.
$_SESSION	Contains information from any variables registered in a session.

An example of a super global is PHP_SELF. This variable contains the name of the running script and is part of the $_SERVER array.

<?php
echo $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"];
?>

This variable is especially useful, as it can be used to call the current script again when processing a form. Super global variables provide a convenient way to access information about a script's environment from server settings to user inputted data. Now that you've got a handle on variables and scope, we can talk about what types of information variables hold.

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Setting a session's time-PHP

PMA00:27

After a certain time period, it's reasonable to expect that a user's session should automatically log out, which is essentially an expiration period. PHP allows you to specifically set this duration. The best way to do this is to modify the .htaccess file.

The .htaccess file affects the HTML and PHP files in the same directory as the file. It allows you to make configuration changes without modifying Apache's configuration files. Any changes made in the .htaccess file also apply to files in subdirectories unless another .htaccess file is in a subdirectory.

session.gc_maxlifetime variable.

Session time

php_value session.gc_maxlifetime "14400"

</IfModule

The value that comes after sessions.gc_maxlifetime is in 100ths of a second, so, if you want a session timeout of 30 minutes, you would use a value of 18000.

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