A client/server architecture in which software systems
are structured into three tiers or layers: the user interface layer, the
business logic layer, and the database layer. Layers may have one or more
components. For example, there can be one or more user interfaces in the top
tier, each user interface may communicate with more than one application in the
middle tier at the same time, and the applications in the middle tier may use
more than one database at a time. Components in a tier may run on a computer
that is separate from the other tiers, communicating with the other components
over a network.
Whst is Password Authentication Protocol
Acronym for Password Authentication Protocol. A
method for verifying the identity of a user attempting to log on to a
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) server. PAP is used if a more rigorous method,
such as the Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP), is not available
or if the user name and password that the user submitted to PAP must be sent to
another program without encryption. 2. Acronym for Printer Access Protocol. The protocol
in AppleTalk networks that governs communication between computers and printers.
Javascript Array
Creating an Object
We have already seen an example of an Array object being created. To create an Array object, we used the JavaScript statement
var myArray = new Array();
So how is this statement made up?
The first half of the statement is familiar to us. We use the
var keyword to define a variable called myArray. This variable is initialized, using the assignment
operator (=), to the right-hand side of the
statement.
The right-hand side of the statement consists of two parts. First
we have the keyword new. This tells JavaScript that we
want to create a new object. Next we have Array(). This
is the constructor for an Array
object. It tells JavaScript what type of object we want to create. Most objects
have constructors like this. For example, the Date
object has the Date() constructor.
we can pass parameters to the constructor Array() to
add data to our object. For example, to create an Array
object that has three elements containing the data "Paul", "Paula", and "Pauline", we use
var myArray = new Array("Paul", "Paula", "Pauline");
Let's see some more examples, this time using the Date object. The simplest way of creating a Date object is
var myDate = new Date();
This will create a Date object containing
the date and time that it was created. However,
var myDate = new Date("1 Jan 2000");
will create a Date object containing the
date 1 January 2000.
How object data is stored in variables differs from how primitive
data, such as text and numbers, is stored. (Primitive data is the most basic
data possible in JavaScript.) With primitive data, the variable holds the data's
actual value. For example
var myNumber = 23;
means that the variable myNumber will
hold the data 23. However, variables assigned to objects don't hold the actual
data, but rather a reference to the memory address where
the data can be found. This doesn't mean we can get hold of the memory
address—this is something only JavaScript has details of and keeps to itself in
the background. All you need to remember is that when we say that a variable
references an object, this is what we mean. We show this in the following
example:
var myArrayRef = new Array(0, 1, 2); var mySecondArrayRef = myArrayRef; myArrayRef[0] = 100; alert(mySecondArrayRef[0]);
First we set variable myArrayRef
reference to the new array object, and then we set mySecondArrayRef to the same reference—for example, now mySecondArrayRef is set to reference the same array object.
So when we set the first element of the array to 100 as shown here:
myArrayRef [0] = 100;
and display the contents of the first element of the array
referenced in mySecondArrayRef as follows:
alert(mySecondArrayRef[0])
we'll see it also magically has changed to 100! However, as we now
know, it's not magic; it's because both variables referenced the same array
object because when it comes to objects, it's a reference to the object and not
the object stored in a variable. When we did the assignment, it didn't make a
copy of the array object, it simply copied the reference. Contrast that with the
following:
var myVariable = "ABC"; var mySecondVariable = myVariable; myVariable = "DEF"; alert(mySecondVariable);
In this case we're dealing with a string, which is primitive data
type, as are numbers. This time it's the actual data that's stored in the
variable, so when we do this:
var mySecondVariable = myVariable;
mySecondVariable gets its own separate
copy of the data in myVariable. So the alert at the end
will still show mySecondVariable as holding "ABC."
To summarize this section, we create a JavaScript object using the
following basic syntax:
var myVariable = new ObjectName(optional parameters);
Creating a Cookie-Javascript
To make life easier for ourselves, we'll write a function
that allows us to create a new cookie and set certain of its attributes with
more ease. We'll look at the code first and create an example using it
shortly.
function setCookie(cookieName, cookieValue, cookiePath, cookieExpires) { cookieValue = escape(cookieValue); if (cookieExpires == "") { var nowDate = new Date(); nowDate.setMonth(nowDate.getMonth() + 6); cookieExpires = nowDate.toGMTString(); } if (cookiePath != "") { cookiePath = ";Path=" + cookiePath; } document.cookie = cookieName + "=" + cookieValue + ";expires=" + cookieExpires + cookiePath; }
The secure and domain parts of the cookie string are unlikely to be needed,
so we just allow the name, value, expires, and path parts of a cookie to be set by the function. If we don't
want to set a path or expiration date, we just pass empty strings for those
parameters. If no path is specified, the current directory and its
subdirectories will be the path. If no expiration date is set, we just assume a
date six months from now.
The first line of the function introduces the escape() function, which we've not seen before.
cookieValue = escape(cookieValue);
When we talked about setting the value of a cookie, we mentioned
that certain characters cannot be used directly, such as a semicolon. (This also
applies to the name of the cookie.) To get around this problem, we can use the
built-in escape() and unescape() functions.
alert(escape("2001 a space odyssey;"));
We can see that the spaces have been converted to %20, % indicating that they
represent an escape or special character rather than an actual character, and
that 20 is the ASCII value of the actual character. The
semicolon has been converted to %3B, as we'd
expect.
As we'll see later, when retrieving cookie values we can use the
unescape() function to convert from the encoded version
to plain text.
Back to our function; we next have an if
statement.
if (cookieExpires == "") { var nowDate = new Date(); nowDate.setMonth(nowDate.getMonth() + 6); cookieExpires = nowDate.toGMTString(); }
This deals with the situation where an empty string, "", has been passed for the cookieExpires parameter of the function. Because most of the
time we want a cookie to last longer than the session it's created in, we set a
default value for expires that is six months after the
current date.
Next, if a value other than an empty string ("") has been passed to the function for the cookiePath parameter, we need to add that value when we
create the cookie. We simply put "path=" in front of
any value that has been passed in the cookiePath
parameter.
if (cookiePath != "") { cookiePath = ";Path=" + cookiePath; }
Finally on the last line we actually create the cookie, putting
together the cookieName, cookieValue, cookieExpires, and
cookiePath parts of the string.
document.cookie = cookieName + "=" + cookieValue + ";expires=" + cookieExpires + cookiePath;
We'll be using the setCookie() function
whenever we want to create a new cookie because it makes setting a cookie
slightly easier than having to remember all the parts we want to set. More
importantly, it can be used to set the expiration date to a date six months
ahead of the current date.
For example, to use the function and set a cookie with default
values for expires and path we
just type the following:
setCookie("cookieName","cookieValue","","")
what is X Series for Network Communications
A set of recommendations adopted by the International
Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector ITU-T,
formerly the CCITT, and International Organization for Standardization ISO for
standardizing equipment and protocols used in both public access and private
computer networks.
| Recommendation Number | What It Covers |
| X.25 | Interface required to connect a computer to a packet-switched network such as the Internet |
| X.75 | Protocols for connecting two public data networks |
| X.200 | Seven-layer set of protocols known as the ISO/OSI reference model for standardizing computer-to-computer connections |
| X.400 | Format at the ISO/OSI application layer for e-mail messages over various network transports, including Ethernet, X.25, and TCP/IP. Gateways must be used to translate e-mail messages between the X.400 and Internet formats |
| X.445 | Asynchronous Protocol Specification, which governs the transmission of X.400 messages over dial-up telephone lines |
| X.500 | Protocols for client/server systems that maintain and access directories of users and resources in X.400 form |
| X.509 | Digital certificates |
What is MIME?
Acronym for Multipurpose
Internet Mail Extensions. A protocol widely used on the Internet that
extends the SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol to permit data, such as video,
sound, and binary files, to be transmitted by Internet e-mail without having to
be translated into ASCII format first. This is accomplished by the use of MIME
types, which describe the contents of a document. A MIME-compliant application
sending a file, such as some e-mail programs, assigns a MIME type to the file.
The receiving application, which must also be MIME-compliant, refers to a
standardized list of documents that are organized into MIME types and subtypes
to interpret the content of the file. For instance, one MIME type is text, and it has a number of subtypes, including plain and html. A MIME type of text/html refers to a file that contains text written in HTML.
MIME is part of HTTP, and both Web browsers and HTTP servers use MIME to
interpret e-mail files they send and receive.
What is memory management?
In operating systems for personal computers, procedures for optimizing the use
of RAM (random access memory). These procedures include selectively storing
data, monitoring it carefully, and freeing memory when the data is no longer
needed. Most current operating systems optimize RAM usage on their own; some
older operating systems, such as early versions of MS-DOS, required the use of
third-party utilities to optimize RAM usage and necessitated that the user be
more knowledgeable about how the operating system and applications used memory.
See also
memory management unit, RAM. 2. In programming, the process of ensuring that a program
releases each chunk of memory when it is no longer needed. In some languages,
such as C and C++, the programmer must keep track of memory usage by the
program. Java, a newer language, automatically frees any chunk of memory that is
not in use. See
also C, C++, garbage collection, Java.
Memory management program :- A program used to store data and programs in system memory, monitor their use, and reassign the freed space following their execution. 2. A program that uses hard disk space as an extension of the random access memory RAM.
Memory management unit :-The hardware that supports the mapping of virtual memory addresses to physical memory addresses. In some systems, such as those based on the 68020, the memory management unit is separate from the processor. In most modern microcomputers, however, the memory management unit is built into the CPU chip. In some systems, the memory management unit provides interfacing between the microprocessor and memory. This type of memory management unit is typically responsible for address multiplexing and, in the case of DRAMs, the refresh cycle. Acronym: MMU. See also physical address, refresh cycle, virtual address.
Memory management program :- A program used to store data and programs in system memory, monitor their use, and reassign the freed space following their execution. 2. A program that uses hard disk space as an extension of the random access memory RAM.
Memory management unit :-The hardware that supports the mapping of virtual memory addresses to physical memory addresses. In some systems, such as those based on the 68020, the memory management unit is separate from the processor. In most modern microcomputers, however, the memory management unit is built into the CPU chip. In some systems, the memory management unit provides interfacing between the microprocessor and memory. This type of memory management unit is typically responsible for address multiplexing and, in the case of DRAMs, the refresh cycle. Acronym: MMU. See also physical address, refresh cycle, virtual address.
What is markup language?
A set of codes in a text file that instructs a computer
how to format the file on a printer or video display or how to index and link
its contents. Examples of markup languages are Hypertext Markup LanguageHTML
and Extensible Markup Language XML, which are used in Web pages, and Standard
Generalized Markup Language SGML, which is used for typesetting and desktop
publishing purposes and in electronic
documents. Markup languages of this sort are designed to enable documents and other files to be platform-independent and highly portable between applications. See also HTML, SGML, XML.
documents. Markup languages of this sort are designed to enable documents and other files to be platform-independent and highly portable between applications. See also HTML, SGML, XML.
why need For a relational database?
A database or database management system that stores
information in tables—rows and columns of data—and conducts searches by using
data in specified columns of one table to find additional data in another table.
In a relational database, the rows of a table represent records (collections of
information about separate items) and the columns represent fields (particular
attributes of a record). In conducting searches, a relational database matches
information from a field in one table with information in a corresponding field
of another table to produce a third table that combines requested data from both
tables.
For example, if one table contains the fields EMPLOYEE-ID, LAST-NAME, FIRST-NAME, and HIRE-DATE, and another contains the fields DEPT, EMPLOYEE-ID, and SALARY, a relational database can match the EMPLOYEE-ID fields in the two tables to find such information as the names of all employees earning a certain salary or the departments of all employees hired after a certain date. In other words, a relational database uses matching values in two tables to relate information in one to information in the other. Microcomputer database products typically are relational databases. Compare flat-file database, inverted-list database.
For example, if one table contains the fields EMPLOYEE-ID, LAST-NAME, FIRST-NAME, and HIRE-DATE, and another contains the fields DEPT, EMPLOYEE-ID, and SALARY, a relational database can match the EMPLOYEE-ID fields in the two tables to find such information as the names of all employees earning a certain salary or the departments of all employees hired after a certain date. In other words, a relational database uses matching values in two tables to relate information in one to information in the other. Microcomputer database products typically are relational databases. Compare flat-file database, inverted-list database.
Os registry?
A central hierarchical database in Windows 9x, Windows
CE, Windows NT, and Windows 2000 used to store information necessary to
configure the system for one or more users, applications, and hardware devices.
The Registry contains information that Windows continually references during
operation, such as profiles for each user, the applications installed on the
computer and the types of documents each can create, property sheet settings for
folders and application icons, what hardware exists on the system, and which
ports are being used.
The Registry replaces most of the text-based .ini files used in Windows 3. x and MS-DOS configuration files, such as AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS. Although the Registry is common to the several Windows platforms, there are some differences among them. Also called: system registry. See also hierarchical database, .ini, input/output port, property sheet, Registry Editor.
The Registry replaces most of the text-based .ini files used in Windows 3. x and MS-DOS configuration files, such as AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS. Although the Registry is common to the several Windows platforms, there are some differences among them. Also called: system registry. See also hierarchical database, .ini, input/output port, property sheet, Registry Editor.
Whai is macro?
In applications, a set of keystrokes and instructions recorded and saved under a
short key code or macro name. When the key code is typed or the macro name is
used, the program carries out the instructions of the macro. Users can create a
macro to save time by replacing an often-used, sometimes lengthy, series of
strokes with a shorter version. 2. In programming languages, such as C or assembly language,
a name that defines a set of instructions that are substituted for the macro
name wherever the name appears in a program a process called macro expansion when the program is compiled or assembled.
Macros are similar to functions in that they can take arguments and in that they are calls to lengthier sets of instructions. Unlike functions, macros are replaced by the actual instructions they represent when the program is prepared for execution; function instructions are copied into a program only once.
Macros are similar to functions in that they can take arguments and in that they are calls to lengthier sets of instructions. Unlike functions, macros are replaced by the actual instructions they represent when the program is prepared for execution; function instructions are copied into a program only once.
What is modem?
Short for
modulator/demodulator. A
communications device that converts between digital data from a computer or
terminal and analog audio signals that can pass through a standard telephone
line. Because the telephone system was designed to handle voice and other audio
signals and a computer processes signals as discrete units of digital
information, a modem is necessary at both ends of the telephone line to exchange
data between computers. At the transmit end, the modem converts from digital to
analog audio;
at the receiving end, a second modem converts the analog audio back to its original digital form.
In order to move a high volume of data, high-speed modems rely on sophisticated methods for “loading” information onto the audio carrier—for example, they may combine frequency shift keying, phase modulation, and amplitude modulation to enable a single change in the carrier’s state to represent multiple bits of data. In addition to the basic modulation and demodulation functions, most modems also include firmware that allows them to originate and answer telephone calls. International standards for modems are specified by the International Telecommunications Union, or ITU.
Despite their capabilities, modems do require communications software in order to function. See also amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, quadrature amplitude modulation. Compare digital modem. 2. Any communications device that acts as an interface between a computer or terminal and a communications channel. Although such a device may not actually modulate or demodulate analog signals, it may be described as a modem because a modem is perceived by many users to be a black box that connects a computer to a communications line such as a high-speed network or a cable TV system.
at the receiving end, a second modem converts the analog audio back to its original digital form.
In order to move a high volume of data, high-speed modems rely on sophisticated methods for “loading” information onto the audio carrier—for example, they may combine frequency shift keying, phase modulation, and amplitude modulation to enable a single change in the carrier’s state to represent multiple bits of data. In addition to the basic modulation and demodulation functions, most modems also include firmware that allows them to originate and answer telephone calls. International standards for modems are specified by the International Telecommunications Union, or ITU.
Despite their capabilities, modems do require communications software in order to function. See also amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, quadrature amplitude modulation. Compare digital modem. 2. Any communications device that acts as an interface between a computer or terminal and a communications channel. Although such a device may not actually modulate or demodulate analog signals, it may be described as a modem because a modem is perceived by many users to be a black box that connects a computer to a communications line such as a high-speed network or a cable TV system.
What is Internet domain?
Internet Domains
In database design and management, the set of valid values for a given attribute. For example, the domain for the attribute AREA-CODE might be the list of all valid three-digit numeric telephone area codes in the United States. For Windows NT Advanced Server, a collection of computers that share a common domain database and security policy. Each domain has a unique name. 3. In the Internet and other networks, the highest subdivision of a domain name in a network address, which identifies the type of entity owning the address for example, .com for commercial users or .edu for educational institutions) or the geographical location of the address for example, .fr for France or .sg for Singapore. The domain is the last part of the address for example, www.example.org.Top-Level Domains: Organizational
| Domain | Type of Organization |
| .aero | Air-transport industry |
| .biz | Businesses |
| .com | Commercial |
| .coop | Cooperatives |
| .edu | Educational |
| .gov | Nonmilitary agency, United States federal government |
| .info | Unrestricted use |
| .int | International organization |
| .mil | United States military |
| .museum | Museums |
| .name | Individuals |
| .net | Network provider |
| .org | Nonprofit organization |
| .pro | Professional workers |
| Domain | Country/Region |
| .ac | Ascension Island |
| .ad | Andorra |
| .ae | United Arab Emirates |
| .af | Afghanistan |
| .ag | Antigua and Barbuda |
| .ai | Anguilla |
| .al | Albania |
| .am | Armenia |
| .an | Netherlands Antilles |
| .ao | Angola |
| .aq | Antarctica |
| .ar | Argentina |
| .as | American Samoa |
| .at | Austria |
| .au | Australia |
| .aw | Aruba |
| .az | Azerbaijan |
| .ba | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| .bb | Barbados |
| .bd | Bangladesh |
| .be | Belgium |
| .bf | Burkina Faso |
| .bg | Bulgaria |
| .bh | Bahrain |
| .bi | Burundi |
| .bj | Benin |
| .bm | Bermuda |
| .bn | Brunei |
| .bo | Bolivia |
| .br | Brazil |
| .bs | Bahamas, The |
| .bt | Bhutan |
| .bv | Bouvet Island |
| .bw | Botswana |
| .by | Belarus |
| .bz | Belize |
| .ca | Canada |
| .cc | Cocos (Keeling) Islands |
| .cd | Congo (DRC) |
| .cf | Central African Republic |
| .cg | Congo |
| .ch | Switzerland |
| .ci | Côte d‘Ivoire |
| .ck | Cook Islands |
| .cl | Chile |
| .cm | Cameroon |
| .cn | China |
| .co | Colombia |
| .cr | Costa Rica |
| .cu | Cuba |
| .cv | Cape Verde |
| .cx | Christmas Island |
| .cy | Cyprus |
| .cz | Czech Republic |
| .de | Germany |
| .dj | Djibouti |
| .dk | Denmark |
| .dm | Dominica |
| .do | Dominican Republic |
| .dz | Algeria |
| .ec | Ecuador |
| .ee | Estonia |
| .eg | Egypt |
| .er | Eritrea |
| .es | Spain |
| .et | Ethiopia |
| .fi | Finland |
| .fj | Fiji Islands |
| .fk | Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |
| .fm | Micronesia |
| .fo | Faroe Islands |
| .fr | France |
| .ga | Gabon |
| .gd | Grenada |
| .ge | Georgia |
| .gf | French Guiana |
| .gg | Guernsey |
| .gh | Ghana |
| .gi | Gibraltar |
| .gl | Greenland |
| .gm | Gambia, The |
| .gn | Guinea |
| .gp | Guadeloupe |
| .gq | Equatorial Guinea |
| .gr | Greece |
| .gs | South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |
| .gt | Guatemala |
| .gu | Guam |
| .gw | Guinea-Bissau |
| .gy | Guyana |
| .hk | Hong Kong SAR |
| .hm | Heard Island and McDonald Islands |
| .hn | Honduras |
| .hr | Croatia |
| .ht | Haiti |
| .hu | Hungary |
| .id | Indonesia |
| .ie | Ireland |
| .il | Israel |
| .im | Man, Isle of |
| .in | India |
| .io | British Indian Ocean Territory |
| .iq | Iraq |
| .ir | Iran |
| .is | Iceland |
| .it | Italy |
| .je | Jersey |
| .jm | Jamaica |
| .jo | Jordan |
| .jp | Japan |
| .ke | Kenya |
| .kg | Kyrgzstan |
| .kh | Cambodia |
| .ki | Kiribati |
| .km | Comoros |
| .kn | St. Kitts and Nevis |
| .kp | North Korea |
| .kr | Korea |
| .kw | Kuwait |
| .ky | Cayman Islands |
| .kz | Kazakhstan |
| .la | Laos |
| .lb | Lebanon |
| .lc | St. Lucia |
| .li | Liechtenstein |
| .lk | Sri Lanka |
| .lr | Liberia |
| .ls | Lesotho |
| .lt | Lithuania |
| .lu | Luxembourg |
| .lv | Latvia |
| .ly | Libya |
| .ma | Morocco |
| .mc | Monaco |
| .md | Moldova |
| .mg | Madagascar |
| .mh | Marshall Islands |
| .mk | Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of |
| .ml | Mali |
| .mm | Myanmar |
| .mn | Mongolia |
| .mo | Macau SAR |
| .mp | Northern Mariana Islands |
| .mq | Martinique |
| .mr | Mauritania |
| .ms | Montserrat |
| .mt | Malta |
| .mu | Mauritius |
| .mv | Maldives |
| .mw | Malawi |
| .mx | Mexico |
| .my | Malaysia |
| .mz | Mozambique |
| .na | Namibia |
| .nc | New Caledonia |
| .ne | Niger |
| .nf | Norfolk Island |
| .ng | Nigeria |
| .ni | Nicaragua |
| .nl | Netherlands, The |
| .no | Norway |
| .np | Nepal |
| .nr | Nauru |
| .nu | Niue |
| .nz | New Zealand |
| .om | Oman |
| .pa | Panama |
| .pe | Peru |
| .pf | French Polynesia |
| .pg | Papua New Guinea |
| .ph | Philippines |
| .pk | Pakistan |
| .pl | Poland |
| .pm | St. Pierre and Miquelon |
| .pn | Pitcairn Islands |
| .pr | Puerto Rico |
| .ps | Palestinian Authority |
| .pt | Portugal |
| .pw | Palau |
| .py | Paraguay |
| .qa | Qatar |
| .re | Reunion |
| .ro | Romania |
| .ru | Russia |
| .rw | Rwanda |
| .sa | Saudi Arabia |
| .sb | Solomon Islands |
| .sc | Seychelles |
| .sd | Sudan |
| .se | Sweden |
| .sg | Singapore |
| .sh | St. Helena |
| .si | Slovenia |
| .sj | Svalbard and Jan Mayen |
| .sk | Slovakia |
| .sl | Sierra Leone |
| .sm | San Marino |
| .sn | Senegal |
| .so | Somalia |
| .sr | Suriname |
| .st | São Tomé and PrÃncipe |
| .sv | El Salvador |
| .sy | Syria |
| .sz | Swaziland |
| .tc | Turks and Caicos Islands |
| .td | Chad |
| .tf | French Southern and Antarctic Lands |
| .tg | Togo |
| .th | Thailand |
| .tj | Tajikistan |
| .tk | Tokelau |
| .tm | Turkmenistan |
| .tn | Tunisia |
| .to | Tonga |
| .tp | East Timor |
| .tr | Turkey |
| .tt | Trinidad and Tobago |
| .tv | Tuvalu |
| .tw | Taiwan |
| .tz | Tanzania |
| .ua | Ukraine |
| .ug | Uganda |
| .uk | United Kingdom |
| .um | U.S. Minor Outlying Islands |
| .us | United States |
| .uy | Uruguay |
| .uz | Uzbekistan |
| .va | Vatican City |
| .vc | St. Vincent and the Grenadines |
| .ve | Venezuela |
| .vg | Virgin Islands, British |
| .vi | Virgin Islands |
| .vn | Vietnam |
| .vu | Vanuatu |
| .wf | Wallis and Futuna |
| .ws | Samoa |
| .ye | Yemen |
| .yt | Mayotte |
| .yu | Yugoslavia |
| .za | South Africa |
| .zm | Zambia |
| .zw | Zimbabwe |
what is ANSI?
Acronym for American National Standards Institute. A voluntary, nonprofit organization of business
and industry groups formed in 1918 for the development and adoption of trade and
communication standards in the United States. ANSI is the American
representative of ISO (the International Organization for Standardization).
Among its many concerns, ANSI has developed recommendations for the use of
programming languages including FORTRAN, C, and COBOL, and various networking
technologies. See
also ANSI C, ANSI.SYS,
SCSI. 2. The Microsoft Windows ANSI character set. This set is
includes ISO 8859/x plus additional characters. This set was originally based on
an ANSI draft standard. The MS-DOS operating system uses the ANSI character set
if ANSI.SYS is installed.
Acronym for American National Standards Institute Standards Planning and Requirements Committee. The ANSI committee that, in the 1970s, proposed a generalized, three-schema architecture that is used as the foundation for some database management systems.
An installable device driver for MS-DOS computers that uses ANSI commands (escape sequences) to enhance the user’s control of the console. See also ANSI, driver, escape sequence, install.
A standard entitled “Representation for Calendar Date and Ordinal Date for Information Interchange” from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) that covers date formats. Many organizations, including the U.S.
Acronym for American National Standards Institute Standards Planning and Requirements Committee. The ANSI committee that, in the 1970s, proposed a generalized, three-schema architecture that is used as the foundation for some database management systems.
An installable device driver for MS-DOS computers that uses ANSI commands (escape sequences) to enhance the user’s control of the console. See also ANSI, driver, escape sequence, install.
A standard entitled “Representation for Calendar Date and Ordinal Date for Information Interchange” from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) that covers date formats. Many organizations, including the U.S.
What is anonymous FTP?
The ability to access a remote computer system on which
one does not have an account, via the Internet’s File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
Users have restricted access rights with anonymous FTP and usually can only copy
files to or from a public directory, often named /pub,
on the remote system. Users can also typically use FTP commands, such as listing
files and directories. When using anonymous FTP, the user accesses the remote
computer system with an FTP program and generally uses anonymous or ftp as a logon name. The
password is usually the user’s e-mail address, although a user can often skip
giving a password or give a false e-mail address. In other cases, the password
can be the word anonymous. Many FTP sites do not permit
anonymous FTP access in order to maintain security. Those that do permit
anonymous FTP sometimes restrict users to only downloading files for the same
reason.
Absolute pointing device
A mechanical or physical pointing device whose location
is associated with the position of the on-screen cursor. For example, if the
user of a graphics tablet places the pen on the upper right corner of the
tablet, the cursor moves to the upper right corner of the screen or on-screen
window associated with the pen. See also absolute coordinates.
Compare relative pointing device.
Why need calendar program?
An application program in the form of an electronic
calendar, commonly used for highlighting dates and scheduling appointments. Some
calendar programs resemble wall calendars, displaying dates in blocks labeled
with the days of the week; others display dates day by day and enable the user
to enter appointments, notes, and other memoranda. A day-of-the-week type of
calendar program could,
for example, be used to find out that Christmas 2003 will be on a Saturday. Depending on its capabilities, such a program might cover only the current century, or it might cover hundreds of years and even allow for the change .
A calendar/scheduler program might show blocks of dates or, like an appointment book, single days divided into hours or half hours, with room for notes. Some programs allow the user to set an alarm to go off at an important point in the schedule. Other programs can coordinate the calendars of different people on the same network so that a person entering an appointment into his or her calendar also enters the appointment into a colleague’s calendar
for example, be used to find out that Christmas 2003 will be on a Saturday. Depending on its capabilities, such a program might cover only the current century, or it might cover hundreds of years and even allow for the change .
A calendar/scheduler program might show blocks of dates or, like an appointment book, single days divided into hours or half hours, with room for notes. Some programs allow the user to set an alarm to go off at an important point in the schedule. Other programs can coordinate the calendars of different people on the same network so that a person entering an appointment into his or her calendar also enters the appointment into a colleague’s calendar
Why B2B website needed?
Short for business-to-business. The
electronic exchange of products and services between businesses without the
direct involvement of consumers. B2B’s effects on business include streamlining
purchasing, accounting, and other administrative functions; lowering transaction
costs; and simplifying the sale of excess inventory. Related businesses have
collaborated on the creation of Internet-based supply-chain networks.
B2c:The direct electronic exchange of products and services between businesses and consumers. B2C’s effects on business include improving the efficiency in delivering goods and services to consumers.
B2c:The direct electronic exchange of products and services between businesses and consumers. B2C’s effects on business include improving the efficiency in delivering goods and services to consumers.
What is ActiveX
A set of technologies that enables software components to
interact with one another in a networked environment, regardless of the language
in which the components were created. ActiveX, which was developed by Microsoft
in the mid 1990s and is currently administered by the Open Group, is built on
Microsoft’s Component Object Model (COM). Currently, ActiveX is used primarily
to develop interactive content for the World Wide Web, although it can be used
in desktop applications and other programs. ActiveX controls can be embedded in
Web pages to produce animation and other multimedia effects, interactive
objects, and sophisticated applications.
ActiveX control : A reusable software component based
on Microsoft’s ActiveX technology that is used to add interactivity and more
functionality, such as animation or a popup menu, to a Web page, applications,
and software development tools. An ActiveX control can be written in any of a
number of languages, including Java, C++, and Visual Basic.
See also ActiveX. Compare helper program.
What is Active Server?
The server-based component of Microsoft’s Active
Platform. Comprised of a set of technologies that includes DCOM (distributed
component object model), Active Server Pages, Microsoft Transaction Server, and
message queues, Active Server provides support for developing component-based,
scalable, high-performance Web applications on Microsoft Windows NT servers.
Active Server is designed to allow developers to concentrate on creating
Internet and intranet software in a variety of languages without having to focus
on the intricacy of the network itself. See also Active
Desktop, Active Platform, Active
Server Pages, ActiveX..
Active Server Pages :-. A Web-oriented technology developed by Microsoft that is designed to enable server-side (as opposed to client-side) scripting. Active Server Pages are text files that can contain not only text and HTML tags as in standard Web documents, but also commands written in a scripting language (such as VBScript or JavaScript) that can be carried out on the server. This server-side work enables a Web author to add interactivity to a document or to customize the viewing or delivery of information to the client without worrying about the platform the client is running. All Active Server Pages are saved with an .asp extension and can be accessed like standard URLs through a Web browser, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator. When an Active Server Page is requested by a browser, the server carries out any script commands embedded in the page, generates an HTML document, and sends the document back to the browser for display on the requesting (client) computer. Active Server Pages can also be enhanced and extended with ActiveX components.
Active Server Pages :-. A Web-oriented technology developed by Microsoft that is designed to enable server-side (as opposed to client-side) scripting. Active Server Pages are text files that can contain not only text and HTML tags as in standard Web documents, but also commands written in a scripting language (such as VBScript or JavaScript) that can be carried out on the server. This server-side work enables a Web author to add interactivity to a document or to customize the viewing or delivery of information to the client without worrying about the platform the client is running. All Active Server Pages are saved with an .asp extension and can be accessed like standard URLs through a Web browser, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator. When an Active Server Page is requested by a browser, the server carries out any script commands embedded in the page, generates an HTML document, and sends the document back to the browser for display on the requesting (client) computer. Active Server Pages can also be enhanced and extended with ActiveX components.
Sony-Xperia Z2 US
this summer. However, if you were planning to pick the device on a lower price with a contract, then we have some bad news for you. According to a new report, Sony has confirmed that neither the
Xperia Z2 nor the Xperia Z1 Compact will be available in the US stores in the nearest future.
Sony will have its flagship smartphone for sale only on its online store in the US. And, if you are planning to get your hands on the Xperia Z1 Compact, then getting it from overseas is your only option. If you are a Sony or Xperia fan in the US, then all you got at this point of time is the Xperia Z2 tablet
Oppo with dual-core CPU
The dual-SIM Android smartphone will go on sale in the country in the
near future for about $138 in black or white color scheme.
Oppo Joy features a MediaTek SoC with 1.3GHz dual-core Cortex-A7 CPU,
Mali 400 GPU, 4" WVGA display, and 512MB of RAM. There's 4GB of built-in memory on board and a
microSD card slot for further expansion. The handset boots Android 4.2.2 Jelly Bean with Color OS UI. The camera department of the Oppo Joy consists of a 3MP main snapper and 0.3MP front-facing unit. Connectivity options include HSPA+, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS, and microUSB port.
The measures of the smartphone are 124 x 63 x 9.9mm, while its weight tips the scale at 125 grams. It is powered by a 1,700mAh battery. There is no word on availability of the Oppo Joy outside of Indonesia.
Mali 400 GPU, 4" WVGA display, and 512MB of RAM. There's 4GB of built-in memory on board and a
microSD card slot for further expansion. The handset boots Android 4.2.2 Jelly Bean with Color OS UI. The camera department of the Oppo Joy consists of a 3MP main snapper and 0.3MP front-facing unit. Connectivity options include HSPA+, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS, and microUSB port.
The measures of the smartphone are 124 x 63 x 9.9mm, while its weight tips the scale at 125 grams. It is powered by a 1,700mAh battery. There is no word on availability of the Oppo Joy outside of Indonesia.
LG L80-the magic
optically discern how the upcoming mid-range looks akin to. We got images of the dual SIM
version of the L80, which comes with four capacitive touch buttons - back, home, menu and
multi-tasking at the front. We postulate the single SIM L80 will feature a physical home
button as visually perceived in the earlier trio.
exhibit with a resolution of 800 x 480 pixels. The smartphone will be powered by a dual-core
processor clocked at 1.2 GHz along with 1 GB of RAM. There will be 4 GB of internal
recollection with the option to expand it via microSD card. The L80 runs on Android 4.4
KitKat out of the box and packs a 2,540mAh battery. On the software front, the contrivance
comes with the company's proprietary feature - LG Knock Code, which sanctions you to unlock
your smartphone by tapping on the screen in categorical pattern. Lastly, we ken that the LG
L80 will be available in ebony and white color options.
Relational Databases-MySQL
MySQL is a relational database.
An important feature of relational systems is that a single database can be
spread across several tables as opposed to our flat-file phone book example.
Related data is stored in separate tables and allows you to put them together by
using a key common to both tables. The key is the
relation between the tables. The selection of a primary
key is one of the most critical decisions you'll make in designing a new
database. The most important concept that you need to understand is that you
must ensure the selected key is unique. If it's possible that two records past,
present, or future share the same value for an attribute, don't use them as a
primary key. Including key fields from another table to form a link between
tables is called a foreign key relationship, like
a boss to employees or a user to a purchase. The relational model is very useful
because data is retrieved easier and faster.
Relationship Types
Databases relationships are quantified with the following
categories:
-
One-to-one relationships
-
One-to-many relationships
-
Many-to-many relationships
We'll discuss each of these relationships and provide an
example. If you think of a family structure when thinking about relationships,
you're ahead of the game. When you spend time alone with one parent, that's a
specific type of relationship; when you spend time with both your parents,
that's another one. If you bring in a significant partner and all of youyour
parents, you, and your partnerall do something together, that's another
relationship. This is identical to the bucket analogy. All those different types
of relationships are like specific buckets that hold the dynamics of your
relationships. In the database world, it's the data you've created.
In a one-to-one relationship, each item is related to one and only one
other item. Within the example of a bookstore. A one-to-one relationship exists
between users and their shipping addresses.
Normalization
Thinking about how your data is related and the most efficient
way to organize it is called normalization. Normalization of data is breaking it apart based on the
logical relationships to minimize the duplication of data. Generally, duplicated
data wastes space and makes maintenance a problem. Should you change information
that is duplicated, there's the risk that you miss a portion and you risk
inconsistencies in you database.
It's possible to have too much of a good thing though:
databases placing each piece of data in their own tables would take too much
processing time and queries would be convoluted. Finding a balance in between is
the goal.
While the phone book example is very simple, the type of data
that you process with a web page can benefit greatly from logically grouping
related data.
Let's continue with the bookstore example. The site needs to
keep track of the user's data, including login, address, and phone number, as
well as information about the books, including the title, author, number of
pages, and when each title was purchased.
LG G3 screenies-come
is very clean and flat, a trend that a lot of manufacturers are embracing. Everything from the icons, launcher and notification drawer is less cluttered and looks very nice. The quick settings toggles are rounded icons, similarly to the latest Samsung TouchWiz UI on the Galaxy S5. The position of the QSlide Apps
remains unchanged, but still, the notification drawer seems too busy for our taste. Here's a full resolution screenshot for you to gaze at, as we had to shrink the rest to a reasonable web-friendly size. LG G3 QHD resolution screenshot Unrelated to these screen caps, recent rumors claim the LG G3 is going to be based on the Japanese LG isai FL, which leaked a few days ago. The Japan-only smartphone sports a quad-core Snapdragon 801 SoC, clocked at 2.5GHz, a 5.5-inch LCD rumored to have 2560x1440 resolution, 2GB RAM, 32GB internal memory with microSD support, 3000mAh battery, and an IPX7 rating,
