What is Software?

One way to describe the hardware of a computer system is that it provides
a framework for executing programs and storing files. The kinds of programs
 that run on Linux platforms vary widely in size and complexity, but tend to
 share certain common characteristics. Here is a list of useful facts
concerning Linux programs and files.

A file is a collection of data that is usually stored on disk, although some
files are stored on tape. Linux treats peripherals as special files, so that terminals,
 printers, and other devices are accessible in the same way as disk-based files.

A program is a collection of bytes representing code and data that are stored in a file.

When a program is started, it is loaded from disk into RAM actually, only parts of
it are loaded, but we'll come to that later. When a program is running it is called
 a process.

Most processes read and write data from files.

Processes and files have an owner and may be protected against unauthorized access.

Linux supports a hierarchical directory structure.

Files and processes have a "location" within the directory hierarchy.
A process may change its own location and/or the location of a file.

Linux provides services for the creation, modification, and destruction
of programs, processes, and files.

Computers Basics for Beginners



Computers Basics for Beginners

Hardware
Computer systems, whether large or small, multi-user or single-user, expensive or cheap,
include most of the following pieces of hardware:

 Central Processing Unit-CPU
This reads machine code instructions in a form that a computer can understand from
 memory and executes it. A CPU is often likened to the "brain" of a computer.

 Bus
This is the connection, or data path, between the CPU and the system memory and devices
 of a computer system. All data that moves from a disk drive into memory, or from memory
 to the CPU, travels across the system's bus.

Random Access Memory-RAM
This holds the machine code and data that are accessed by the CPU. RAM normally
forgets everything it holds when the power is turned off.

Read-Only Memory ROM
This holds both machine code and data. Its contents may not be changed and are
remembered even when the power is turned off.

Disks
These hold large amounts of data and code on a magnetic or optical medium, and
remember it all even when the power is turned off. Floppy disks are generally removable,
 whereas hard disks are not. Hard disks can hold a lot more information than floppy disks.

CD-ROM Drive
These allow digitally published information on a compact disc to be read by the computer.
 The information may be in a data stream or may constitute a file system that the
operating system can read as if it were on a hard disk drive.

Monitors
These display information and come in two flavors: monochrome and color. Monochrome
monitors are rare in newer computer systems.

Graphics Card
These allow the CPU to display information on a monitor. Many graphics cards have
on-board processors to decrease the load on the system processor.

 Keyboard
This allows a user to enter alphanumeric information. There are several different
kinds of keyboards available, depending partly on the language of the user. For example,
 Japanese keyboards are much larger than Western keyboards, as their alphabet is much
 larger. The Western keyboards are often referred to as QWERTY keyboards, as these are
the first six letters on the upper left-hand side of the keyboard.

Mouse
This allows a user to position things easily on the screen using short movements
 of the hand. Most mice have tails that connect them to the computer, but some
have radio or infrared connections that make the tail unnecessary.

 Printer
These allow a user to obtain hard copies of information. Some printers print characters
only, whereas others may print graphics.

Tape
These are generally used for making backup copies of information stored on disks.
They are slower than disks but store large amounts of data in a fairly cheap way.

Modem
A modem allows you to communicate with other computers across a telephone line.
 Different modems allow different rates of communication. Most modems even correct
 for errors that are caused by a poor telephone connection.

 Network Interface
A network interface card NIC allows your computer to communicate with other
computers across a high-speed link.

Other Peripherals
There are many other kinds of peripherals that computer systems can support,
including graphics tablets, optical scanners, array processors, sound cards,
voice recognition cards, and synthesizers to name a few.


TCP/IP Network Addresses-hosting



This kind of address is still in wide use and is what people commonly refer to as an IP address. Part of an IP address is used for the network address, and the other part is used to identify a particular interface on a host in that network. You should realize that IP addresses are assigned to interfaces-such as Ethernet cards or modems-and not to the host computer. Usually a computer has only one interface and is accessed using only that interface's IP address. In that regard, an IP address can be thought of as identifying a particular host system on a network, and so the IP address is usually referred to as the host address.





In fact, though, a host system could have several interfaces, each with its own IP address. This is the case for computers that operate as gateways and firewalls from the local network to the Internet. One interface usually connects to the LAN and another to the Internet, as by two Ethernet cards. Each interface (such as an Ethernet card) has its own IP address. For example, when you use the Red Hat Network Configuration tool to specify an IP address for an Ethernet card on your system, the Devices panel lists an entry for each Ethernet card installed on your computer, beginning with eth0 for the first. Opening up a Device window, you can select the TCP protocol in the Protocols panel to open a TCP/IP setting window where you can enter the card's IP address. Other Ethernet cards have their own IP addresses. Currently, the Linux kernel can support up to four network adapters. If you use a modem to connect to an ISP.

Originally, IP addresses were organized according to classes. On the Internet, networks are organized into three classes depending on their size-classes A, B, and C. A class A network uses only the first segment for the network address and the remaining three for the host, allowing a great many computers to be connected to the same network. Most IP addresses reference smaller, class C, networks. For a class C network, the first three segments are used to identify the network, and only the last segment identifies the host. Altogether, this forms a unique address with which to identify any network interface on computers in a TCP/IP network. For example, in the IP address 192.168.1.72, the network part is 192.168.1 and the interface/host part is 72. The interface/host is a part of a network whose own address is 192.168.1.0.

In a class C network, the first three numbers identify the network part of the IP address. This part is divided into three network numbers, each identifying a subnet. Networks on the Internet are organized into subnets, beginning with the largest and narrowing to small subnetworks. The last number is used to identify a particular computer, referred to as a host. You can think of the Internet as a series of networks with subnetworks; these subnetworks have their own subnetworks. The rightmost number identifies the host computer, and the number preceding it identifies the subnetwork of which the computer is a part. The number to the left of that identifies the network the subnetwork is part of, and so on. The Internet address 192.168.187.4 references the fourth computer connected to the network identified by the number 187.

An IPv6 address is written as 8 segments representing 16 bits each 128 bits total. To more easily represent 16 bit binary numbers, hexadecimal numbers are used. Hexadecimal numbers use 16 unique numbers, instead of the 8 used in octal numbering. These are 0 through 9, continuing with the characters A through F.
In the following example, the first four segments represent the network part of the IPv6 address, and the following four segments represent the interface (host) address.
FEC0:0000:0000:0000:0008:0800:200C:417A
You can cut any preceding zeros, but not trailing zeros in any given segment. Segments with all zeros can be reduced to a single zero.
FEC0:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A
The loopback address used for locahost addressing can be written with seven preceding zeros and a 1.
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
Many addresses will have sequences of zeros. IPv6 supports a shorthand symbol for representing a sequence of several zeros in adjacent fields. This consists of a double colon ::. There can be only one use of the :: symbol per address.
FEC0::8:800:200C:417A

 

mysql_query-executes query



mysql_query function  executes query on the default database, set using mysql_select_db() or by a previous query using mysql_db_query(), on the MySQL server connection referenced by connection . If no connection handle is specified in the connection argument, the last connection opened is used by default. If no connection is open, mysql_query() attempts to connect to a MySQL database by calling mysql_connect() without arguments.


The value returned depends on the query. SELECT, DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN, and SHOW queries return a MySQL result handle if successful and FALSE if they fail. Note that these types of queries are considered to have failed only if they're malformed. Other query types return TRUE on success and FALSE on failure.


To find the number of rows affected by a query:

mysql_num_rows() 
To set the default database:
mysql_select_db() 
To retrieve data from a query:
mysql_fetch_array() 
mysql_fetch_assoc() 
mysql_fetch_object() 
mysql_fetch_row() 
mysql_result() 
To query a specific database:
mysql_db_query() 
 
 

mysql_result() fetches a single field from a MySQL result set. The function accepts two or three arguments.

The first argument should be a MySQL result handle returned by mysql_db_query() or mysql_query().
The second argument should be the row from which to fetch the field, specified as an offset. Row offsets start at 0.

The optional last argument can contain a field offset or a field name. If the argument is not set, a field offset of 0 is assumed. Field offsets start at 0, while field names are based on an alias, a column name, or an expression.

PHP's variable-related functions


PHP's variable-related functions are a key part of the language. Skilled programmers rely on them extensively to build robust code that uses type-checking. Functions like var_dump() and print_r() are also invaluable when debugging.
Here is a quick, task-based overview of the function group:
  • Cast a value from one type to another: doubleval(), intval(), strval()
  • Set the type of a variable: settype()
  • Determine the type of a variable: is_array(), is_bool(), is_double(), is_float(), is_int(), is_integer(), is_long(), is_null(), is_numeric(), is_object(), is_real(), is_resource(), is_scalar(), is_string(), get_resource_type(), gettype()
  • Destroy variables: unset()
  • Gather information about variables: empty(), get_defined_vars(), isset(), print_r(), var_dump()
  • Serialize and unserialize variables: serialize(), unserialize()


    Print the entire $GLOBALS array using PHP's functions for processing associative arrays:

    <?php
    reset($GLOBALS);
    while (list($key, $var) = each($GLOBALS)) {
        print "$key => $var\ n<br>\ n";
    }
    ?>
    

    The example uses PHP's list functions and each  functions to iteratively process the $GLOBALS array. It then prints the keys (names of the variables stored in the $GLOBALS array) and their corresponding values.

     PHP debugging
    var_dump functions displays information about variables in a simple, readable format. This function is very useful when debugging—providing a simple and easy way to display the current contents of one or more variables.
    For simple scalar variables such as booleans, integers, strings, and doubles, the type of the variable is printed, followed by an opening bracket, the value contained in the variable, and a closing bracket.
PHP Functions
Php tutorial - imagemagick
php.ini Basics
PHP Sessions
Cookies Versus Sessions
PHP Web-Related Variables
PHP ERRORS
maximum size of a file uploaded
Php Image upload
php file_get_contents
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$_ENV and $_SERVER
PEAR with php
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LAMP
PHP MySQL Functions
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Substrings PHP
PHP Variable names
PHP magic methods
How to get current session id
Add variables into a session
$_GET , $_POST,$_COOKIE
different tables present in mysql
PHP CURL
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PHP-sorting an array
PHP-count the elements of array
Operators for If/Else Statements
PHP file uploading code
PHP global variables
Testing working using phpinfo
PHP Code for a Valid Number
PHP-Associative Arrays
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PHP best tutorial-PHP variables
Reading DOC file in PHP
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PHP implode array elements
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PHP-Renaming Files Directories
PHP Classes
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Checking Variable Values /Types
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IP AddressPHP
PHP-Scope Resolution Operator
how create new instance of object
how eliminate an object
PHP- ob_start
XML file using the DOM API
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PHP-Mail Functions
PHP-difference include vs require
calculate the sum of values in an array
PHP-total number of rows
Show unique records mysql
MySQL Triggers
MySQL data directory
MySQL Subqueries
PHP- Networking Functions
PHP- Operators
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Conditional Functions mysql
PHP-function overloading
Friend function
mysql_connect /mysql_pconnect
PHP-Error Control Operators
what is IMAP
Apache-Specific Functions
Send Email from a PHP Script
SQL inherently
WAMP, MAMP, LAMP
Php tutorial-SYMBOLS
Table Types-MySQL
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PHP Array
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Maximum Performance MySQL
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FTP
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Why NoSQL
MySQL Server Performance
Database software
SQL Interview Answers
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PHP Interview Questions with Answers
Advanced PHP

Multi material 3d printers

3d systems offers high speed multi-material printer 3d  the new projet
 5500x by 3d systems was created for serious designers working in grand
scales with multiple materials in mind according to 3d systems, the new
printer. Multi-material 3d printing technology popular 3d printers what
appears to be a first in 3d printer technology for rapid prototyping is
 the ability to fabricate parts and assemblies made of multiple materials-such
 as hard and. Connex 500 multi-material 3d printer multi-material
composite materials 3d printer large, high-quality multi-material parts
 in a single build 3d systems projet 5500x delivers the highest quality.


Stratasys 3d printing technology creates lifelike multi multi-material 3d printer
 what appears to be a first in 3d printer technology for rapid prototyping building
 a part one layer at a time using a method of. 3d printer tx com multi color 3d
printers, costs rendering models using a variety of materials allows a finished
object to be viewed and analyzed before committing to cutting wood or printing
 plastic.

Nargis Fakhri-gr8 dasi actress



Nargis Fakhri is now gr8 Bollywood actress.

She is an American model and actress.

Set Google Reader Offline-new data

Google Gears is a Google-powered open source project aiming to allow  web site publishers to make a part of their application available offline.

 Not too many web sites have this feature enabled yet, but those that do allow you to use some parts of their application even when you're not connected to the Internet. Google Reader is one of the applications that is partially Gears-enabled.

To give this feature a try, log in to Google Reader at http://reader.google.com.
 You need to have the Firefox 1.5+ browser to get this to work, or, on Windows XP/ Vista,
 you can use Internet Explorer 6+ as well. In Reader, click the Offline link on top.
You will be taken through a Google Gears installation.


You will notice a new green arrow in the top navigation bar. This means that
you're in online mode—click the arrow to go into offline mode. The first time
you switch into offline mode, up to 2,000 articles from your subscribed Google
Reader feeds will be downloaded for you. After the download is done, you can
 disconnect from the Internet and still read some of your feeds.

Note that because Google Gears is a browser extension and not just a feature
of the web site, you need to install Gears on every computer on which you
want to use these offline capabilities.

Sends a message via mail function in PHP

mail function allows you to send email directly from a PHP script. recipient can be
 either a single email address or a comma-delimited list of addresses.
 If you want to set extra headers—for instance, in order to use Cc: or
 Bcc:—these may be placed in a newline-delimited string in the extra_headers
 parameter. As of PHP  you can also specify extra arguments to the
 system mail program in the extra_arguments parameter.

<?php

$to = "example@gmail.com";
$subject = "example test";
$body = "test message test message  test message test message.";
$headers = "From:Deba\r\n";
$headers .= "Reply-To: example@testsite.com\r\n";
$headers .= "Return-Path: example@testsite.com\r\n";
$headers .= "X-Mailer: PHP5\n";
$headers .= 'MIME-Version: 1.0' . "\n";
$headers .= 'Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1' . "\r\n";
mail($to,$subject,$body,$headers);
?>


TRUE is returned if the function completes successfully;
 otherwise, FALSE is returned. However, this gives no indication as to
 whether the email ever reached its destination. This function fails
if any of recipient , subject , or message is left out, or if the
system's mail program fails for some reason.

Domain squatting-Host a subdomain


Most web users would arguethat purchasing a domain name in the hopes that one day somebody
might want to use that domain name and then buy it from them for a
large amount of money is a little unethical. On the other hand, there
are times when you might come up with a brilliant idea for a site, or
what you think is a brilliant name, but you don’t have time to use it
immediately; still, you want to register it before someone else comes
up with the same brilliant idea.

 If you have a network-available backup system, putting in a dedicated network for hosts that will use it can be a big win. Some systems may eventually need to go to Gigabit Ethernet or trunked Ethernet. Backup systems, high-throughput NFS servers, and databases are common applications that end up being network bound on 100Mb Ethernet networks. Some Web systems, such as static image servers running high-speed Web servers such as Tux or thttpd can be network bound on Ethernet networks.


 Whatever your reason for purchasing
extra domain names, when you purchase them, redirecting them either
to your main website or another site of your choice is generally a better
idea than leaving them doing nothing.

Services by Full Descriptive Names
Another good design principal that is particularly essential for safe code cohabitation is to reference services by full descriptive names. I often see application designs that reference a database called dbhost and then rely on dbhost to be specified in the /etc/hosts file on the machine. As long as there is only a single database host, this method won't cause any problems.

So web users who type in the
domain name are automatically redirected to your primary domain. If
you want the domain name to redirect somewhere other than the root of
your primary domain, then click Manage Redirection.

You may be wondering now if I’m suggesting that you should spend all your
hard-earned cash on every domain name that you can think of. Don’t worry;
that’s not exactly what I’m suggesting. It is good to think about your visitors
and try and put yourself in their shoes for a moment and consider whether
purchasing additional domain names would be useful to both them and you.
You don’t need to bankrupt yourself on just-in-case domain names, though.
Exactly how you redirect the domain name differs depending on the facilities
your domain name registrar gives you. If the registrar does not give you the
right facilities, it then depends which control panel is used for your hosting.
As an example, I show you how to redirect domain names using cPanel and,
regardless of which system you use, the basic concept is the same.

Host a subdomain on a separate server


reasons for using subdomains and sometimes a subdomain in itself may
take up so much server resources that it needs to be on its own server.
For example, if you have a support site at support.yourdomain.com,
that site might provide downloads and other forms of resource-intensive
assistance. You can use the DNS to point users to your primary server
for your main website and then to a secondary server for your support
site even though they have the same domain name .


some performance issues and creates a number of hurdles that developers must overcome to write compatible code. In practice, it is most useful in hosted serving environments to ensure that users do not violate each other's privacy and security. 
Top 50 free web hosting site

Internet Protocol Security



Several projects currently provide development and implementation of IPsec tools. The original IPsec tools are provided by the KAME project, www.kame.net. Current versions can be obtained from souceforge.net/projects/ipsectools. RPM packages can be obtained from rpmfind.net. Other IPsec tool projects include the Free Secure/Wide Area Network project (FreeS/WAN) at www.freeeswan.org, which provides a Linux implementation of IPsec tools, and VPN Consortium (VPNC) at www.vpnc.org, which supports Windows and Macintosh versions. FreeS/WAN provides both Red Hat RPM packages and source code for their tools.


IPsec is made up of several protocols that provide authentication (AH), encryption (ESP), and the secure exchange of encryption keys (IKE). The Authentication Header protocol (AH) confirms that the packet was sent by the sender, and not by someone else. IPsec also includes an integrity check to detect any tampering in transit. Packets are encrypted using the Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP). Encryption and decryption are performed using secret keys shared by the sender and the receiver. These keys are themselves transmitted using the Internet Key Exchange protocol, which provides a secure exchange. ESP encryption can degrade certain compression transmission methods like PPP for dialup Internet connections. To accommodate these compression methods, IPsec provides the IP Payload Compression Protocol (IPComp), with which packets can be compressed before being sent.
The AH, ESP, and IPComp protocols are incorporated into the Linux kernel. The IKE protocol is implemented as a separate daemon. It simply provides a way to share secret keys, and can be replaced by other sharing methods.


Alia Bhatt-the Prince

Alia Bhatt-the Prince







tips Harm Prevention pc


Harm Prevention pc

You may use any of these methods to remove
unwanted programs:
•  Use Windows’ add/remove programs .
•  Use the PC Decrapifier .
•  Use Revo Uninstaller best.
Using only one of these methods is sufficient.
Use Windows’ Add/Remove Programs
The easiest way to remove programs is to use Windows’
Add/Remove programs. While this method is the easiest, it is
not the best because programs, even after removal, leave junk
on your hard drive. I recommend Revo Uninstaller if you want
to completely remove a program. To remove a program:
1.  Click Start > Run or use Winkey+R.
2.  Type appwiz.cpl and press Enter.
3.  Click the program you want to remove.
4.  Click Uninstall and follow the on-screen prompts.
Use the PC Decrapifier
If you have a newer PC, there may be a lot of trial software,
coined “bloatware”. The PC Decrapifier is designed to remove a
specific list of unwanted software in an unattended fashion.
The PC does not need to be new; however, the older the PC is,
the less likely it will have any of the software it can detect.


Simply download PC Decrapifier, and run the EXE. There is no
installation necessary. Your anti-virus software may complain
about this program; however, these warnings can be safely
ignored.
When it runs, you will be presented with a wizard-style dialog
box that steps you through the entire process. You will be able
to pick and choose what programs you want to remove. The
program will not remove anything, without prompting you first.
Click the Next button and it will begin cleaning your PC. If it
does not find anything, a pop-up box will notify you of this and
the program will exit and not modify your PC.
Use Revo Uninstaller
The final, and most thorough method, of software removal is to
use Revo Uninstaller. Revo Uninstaller is primarily designed to
ensure programs are properly removed from your computer.
Revo is freeware and is available to all those who want to
ensure their computer is clean and working at its best.
Download Revo Uninstaller.
Installing Revo is a simple as any other program. Once you’ve
installed and started Revo, you are presented with a list of
currently installed programs:

Learn PhP By Code

PHP - Echo example

           <?php
             $myString = "Hi! This is a test";
              echo $myString;
             echo "<h1>PHP!</h1>";
           ?>


PHP - Strings example
    
    <?php
    $test_string = "tips-tech";
    echo "tech tips- php";
    echo $test_string;
    ?>


PHP - Syntax  example

     <?php
     ?>

    Hi this  is php

     <?
     ?>

PHP - Include File example

      <?php include("test.php"); ?>
          <p>How test.php include  to  a  php page </p>
          

PHP- Defines Constants

             <?php
              define("MYTEXT", "hi!frnd");
             echo MYTEXT;
            ?>

PHP If...Else loop

      <?php
             $k=1;
          if ($k==1)
          {
          echo "k is 1";
          }
          else
          {
          echo "k  is  not 1!";
          }
     ?>           

PHP  Switch loop

       <?php
             $txt="read";
            switch ($txt)
            {
              case "read":
               echo "Your are reading!";
                break;

              case "Writing":
               echo "Your are Writing!";
               break;
           
             default:
               echo "Your are seeping!";
        }
       ?>

PHP File demo code

   <?php
       $ft = fopen("testfile.txt", "r");
    ?>

    

   <?php
      $tsFile = "File.txt";
      $ft = fopen($tsFile, 'r');
      $fData = fread($ft, 5);
       fclose($ft);
      echo $fData;
   ?>


PHP File Upload

    <form enctype="multipart/form-data" action="upload_page.php" method="POST">
        <input type="hidden" name="MAX_FILE_SIZE" value="100000" />
         file to upload:
           <input name="loadedfile" type="file" /><br />
          <input type="submit" value="Upload" />
      </form>

    
   
    multipart/form-data is used when a form requires binary data, like the contents of a file for uploader
  
     <?php
        
         $target_path = "upload-store/";
         $target_path = $target_path . basename( $_FILES['loadedfile']['name']);
         $_FILES['loadedfile']['tmp_name'];
     ?>    
  
    <?php
    if(move_uploaded_file($_FILES['loadedfile']['tmp_name'], $target_path))
     {
     echo "The file ". basename( $_FILES['loadedfile']['name'])." uploaded Successfully";
     }
     else
      {
       echo "error!!!!!";
       }

     ?>



PHP Session
  
    session_start() function is used for start the session.
   
    <?php
     session_start();
     $_SESSION['testname'] = "Lisa"; // records the session data
      echo "Hi! = ". $_SESSION['testname']; //get session data of $_SESSION['testname']
      ?>

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Top 10 Online screen sharing app

  Online screen sharing

  free and safe  web base app.
Free Screen Sharing and Online Meetings.Instant Screen Sharing. web-based screen sharing.

http://www.screenleap.com
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PHP Interview Questions with Answers-part1

   What is PHP?

    PHP is a server side scripting language  used for web development applications.
    Php is the powerful tool for making dynamic website.
    Many open source, free and commercial scripts    and   Stuff made by php

 What is a data type?

A Data type is the classification of data into a category according to its attributes;
• Alphanumericcharacters are classified as strings
• Whole numbersare classified integers
• Numberswith decimal pointsare classified as floating points.
• True or falsevalues are classified as Boolean.
PHP is a loosely typed language;it does not have explicit defined data types.


What is a variable?

A variable is a name given to a memory location that stores data at runtime.
 The scope of a variable determines its visibility.
A global variable is accessible to all the scripts in an
application. A local variable is only accessible to the script
that it was defined in.

How to retrieve a secure URL?
To retrieve secure URLs, the cURL extension needs access to an SSL library, such as OpenSSL.
<?php
$c = curl_init('https://secure.example.com/accountbalance.php');
curl_setopt($c, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
 $page = curl_exec($c); curl_close($c);
?>



Why you should use variables?

Variables help separate data from the program algorithms. The same algorithm can be used
for different input data values. For example, suppose that you are developing a calculator
program that adds up two numbers, you can create two variables that accept the numbers
then you use the variables names in the expression that does the addition.


  How to show all PHP runtime errors?
 
   Add error_reporting function set  1 .

  What is htaccess?

   .htaccess files are configuration files of Apache Server which provide
   a way to make configuration changes on a per-directory basis.

How to redirect a user to a page?

header('Location: http://www.example.com/');
The redirect URL must include the protocol and hostname.




   What is  echo in php?

    It is a keyword.
    It is used to print  data on the webpage, like that <?php echo 'test'; ?> ,
  
    How to include a file to a php page?

    Add include a file using include() or require() function with the path.


    What's the difference between include and require?

    PHP provides two constructs to load code and HTML from another module: require and include.
    They both load a file as the PHP script runs, work in conditionals and loops, and complain if
    the file being loaded can't be found. The main difference is that attempting to require a
   nonexistent file is a fatal error, while attempting to include such a file produces a warning
    but does not stop script execution.

    If the file is not found by require(), it will gives a fatal error and stop the execution of the script.
    If the file is not found by include(), it  will gives a warning , but execution will continue.

    will not get the "function re-declared" error.
   
    Differences between GET and POST methods ?
    A GET request encodes the form parameters in the URL, in what is called a query string:

    /path/to/chunkify.php?word=despicable&length=3
    A POST request passes the form parameters in the body of the HTTP request, leaving the URL untouched.
    POST requests are not idempotent. This means that they cannot be cached,
    and the server is recontacted every time the page is displayed.

    How to declare an array php?

    Example : var $arr = array('ie', 'firefox', 'safari');

    What is the use of 'print' in php?

    This is not actually a real function, It is a language construct.
    So you can use with out parentheses with its argument list.
   


    What is  in_array() function?

    The in_array( ) function returns true or false, depending on whether the first
     argument is an element in the array given as the second argument.
    in_array used to checks if a value exists in an array that Searching for Values of array.
   
    What is count() function in php ?

    The count( ) and sizeof( ) functions are identical in use and effect.
    They return the number of elements in the array.


    What’s the difference between include and require?

    It’s how they handle failures. If the file is not found by require(),
   it will cause a fatal error and halt the execution of the script. If the file is not
   found by include(), a warning will be issued, but execution will continue.


    What is the difference between Session and Cookie?

    sessions are stored on the server, and cookies are stored on the client’s computers in the text file format.
    A cookie is a bit of information that the server can give to a client.
    Every session has a data store associated with it. You can register variables to be loaded
    from the data store when each page starts and saved back to the data store when the page ends.
   

   How to set cookies in PHP?

    Setcookie("test", "sem", time()+3600);
   

    How to Retrieve a Cookie Value?
     echo $_COOKIE["test"];
   

    How to create a session? 

    Create session by  session_start();

   How to set a value in session ?

    Set value into session by  $_SESSION['test_ID']=1987654;

   How to Remove data from a session?

   Remove data from  session -> session_unset($_SESSION['test_ID'];



    How to create a mysql connection?
    call mysql_connect(servername,username,password);


    How to select a database?

    call mysql_select_db($db_name);

    How to execute an sql query? How to fetch its result ?
    $my_qry = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM `test` WHERE `test_id`='16'; ");
    $result = mysql_fetch_array($my_qry);
    echo $result['First_test_name'];


    How to get the resultset of MySQL using PHP?
        1. mysql_fetch_row
        2. mysql_fetch_array
        3. mysql_fetch_object
        4. mysql_fetch_assoc
   
       
   
    How to strip whitespace or other characters from the beginning and end of a string ?

    The trim() function removes whitespaces or other predefined characters from both sides of a string.
   
    What is the use of header() function in php ?

    The header() function sends a raw HTTP header to a client browser.
    Remember that this function must be called before sending the actual out put.
    For example, You do not print any HTML element before using this function.
   
    How to redirect a page in php?

    The following code can be add for it, header("Location:test.php");
   
    How stop the execution of a php scrip ?

    exit() function  stop the execution of a page.
   
   
    How to get the length of a string?

    strlen() function  gives  the length of a string


    How to generate random numbers in php?

    Add rand function  to generate random numbers.

    How  to varify a variable in php?

    This is_set  function is used to determine if a variable is set and is not .   

      
    What is mean by an associative array?

    Associative arrays are arrays that indexed by string keys is called associative arrays.


   
   
    How do you define a constant?

    Using define() directive, like  that define ("MYCONSTANT",765754);
   
   
    How send email using php?

    To send email using PHP, you use the mail() function.This mail() function accepts 5 parameters

    How to find current date and time?

    The date() function gives  the current date and time .
  
       
    What is the use of ksort in php?

    Its  sort an array by key in reverse order.
  
  Who is the father of PHP ?

  Rasmus Lerdorf is known as the father of PHP.     
       
    How to delete a file from the system?

    Unlink() deletes the  file from the file system.
   
    How to get the value of current session id?

    session_id() function gives the session id for the current session.


What is the difference between $name and $$name?

$name is variable where as $$name is reference variable
like $name=sonia and $$name=singh so $sonia value is singh.

  mysql_fetch_object vs  mysql_fetch_array?

mysql_fetch_object() is similar tomysql_fetch_array(), with one difference - an object is returned, instead of an array. Indirectly, that means that you can only access the data by the field names, and not by their offsets numbers are illegal property names

In PHP for pdf which library used?. 

The PDF functions in PHP can create PDF files using the PDFlib library With version 6, PDFlib offers an object-oriented API for PHP 5 in addition to the function-oriented API for PHP 4. There is also the » Panda module. FPDF is a PHP class which allows to generate PDF files with pure PHP, that is to say without using the PDFlib library. F from FPDF stands for Free: you may use it for any kind of usage and modify it to suit your needs. FPDF requires no extension (except zlib to activate compression and GD for GIF support) and works with PHP4 and PHP5.
 
How  to Connecting two Strings? 
a useful concept—concatenation. It refers to the process of linking
items together. Specifically in programming, you concatenate strings.
The period . is the operator for performing this action, and it's used like so:

$tString = $String1 . $bString2;

echo $tString;





Why we use strstr?
strstr returns all of string after the first occurrence of substring .
If substring doesn't exist in string , the function returns FALSE.

How to  capitalize only the first character of a string?
you use ucfirst:
$txt = "welcome to the this site";
echo $ucfirst($txt);
 
What three components need to create a dynamic web page? 
A web server, a server-side programming language, and a database.

What does Apache use to load extensions?

Modules.

What does the PHP Interpreter do?
 It processes the HTML and PHP files.

What's a more secure function than md5() for encoding passwords? 
The sh1() function creates a 160-bit key instead of md5()'s 128-bit string. 
It also uses a superior algorithm for making it difficult to determine the 
values that generate a particular encoding.

What are the advantages of using PEAR?
 The PEAR functions are more compact, and they automate some of the manual
 work of connecting to and selecting from the database. Because PEAR code
 is used by many developers, it is less likely to have an error than to have code
 that's written from scratch.

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