What is Software?

10:49
One way to describe the hardware of a computer system is that it provides
a framework for executing programs and storing files. The kinds of programs
 that run on Linux platforms vary widely in size and complexity, but tend to
 share certain common characteristics. Here is a list of useful facts
concerning Linux programs and files.

A file is a collection of data that is usually stored on disk, although some
files are stored on tape. Linux treats peripherals as special files, so that terminals,
 printers, and other devices are accessible in the same way as disk-based files.

A program is a collection of bytes representing code and data that are stored in a file.

When a program is started, it is loaded from disk into RAM actually, only parts of
it are loaded, but we'll come to that later. When a program is running it is called
 a process.

Most processes read and write data from files.

Processes and files have an owner and may be protected against unauthorized access.

Linux supports a hierarchical directory structure.

Files and processes have a "location" within the directory hierarchy.
A process may change its own location and/or the location of a file.

Linux provides services for the creation, modification, and destruction
of programs, processes, and files.
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Computers Basics for Beginners

10:41


Computers Basics for Beginners

Hardware
Computer systems, whether large or small, multi-user or single-user, expensive or cheap,
include most of the following pieces of hardware:

 Central Processing Unit-CPU
This reads machine code instructions in a form that a computer can understand from
 memory and executes it. A CPU is often likened to the "brain" of a computer.

 Bus
This is the connection, or data path, between the CPU and the system memory and devices
 of a computer system. All data that moves from a disk drive into memory, or from memory
 to the CPU, travels across the system's bus.

Random Access Memory-RAM
This holds the machine code and data that are accessed by the CPU. RAM normally
forgets everything it holds when the power is turned off.

Read-Only Memory ROM
This holds both machine code and data. Its contents may not be changed and are
remembered even when the power is turned off.

Disks
These hold large amounts of data and code on a magnetic or optical medium, and
remember it all even when the power is turned off. Floppy disks are generally removable,
 whereas hard disks are not. Hard disks can hold a lot more information than floppy disks.

CD-ROM Drive
These allow digitally published information on a compact disc to be read by the computer.
 The information may be in a data stream or may constitute a file system that the
operating system can read as if it were on a hard disk drive.

Monitors
These display information and come in two flavors: monochrome and color. Monochrome
monitors are rare in newer computer systems.

Graphics Card
These allow the CPU to display information on a monitor. Many graphics cards have
on-board processors to decrease the load on the system processor.

 Keyboard
This allows a user to enter alphanumeric information. There are several different
kinds of keyboards available, depending partly on the language of the user. For example,
 Japanese keyboards are much larger than Western keyboards, as their alphabet is much
 larger. The Western keyboards are often referred to as QWERTY keyboards, as these are
the first six letters on the upper left-hand side of the keyboard.

Mouse
This allows a user to position things easily on the screen using short movements
 of the hand. Most mice have tails that connect them to the computer, but some
have radio or infrared connections that make the tail unnecessary.

 Printer
These allow a user to obtain hard copies of information. Some printers print characters
only, whereas others may print graphics.

Tape
These are generally used for making backup copies of information stored on disks.
They are slower than disks but store large amounts of data in a fairly cheap way.

Modem
A modem allows you to communicate with other computers across a telephone line.
 Different modems allow different rates of communication. Most modems even correct
 for errors that are caused by a poor telephone connection.

 Network Interface
A network interface card NIC allows your computer to communicate with other
computers across a high-speed link.

Other Peripherals
There are many other kinds of peripherals that computer systems can support,
including graphics tablets, optical scanners, array processors, sound cards,
voice recognition cards, and synthesizers to name a few.


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Top 50 Most Popular Job Websites uk,india,philippines

00:20
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TCP/IP Network Addresses-hosting

10:58


This kind of address is still in wide use and is what people commonly refer to as an IP address. Part of an IP address is used for the network address, and the other part is used to identify a particular interface on a host in that network. You should realize that IP addresses are assigned to interfaces-such as Ethernet cards or modems-and not to the host computer. Usually a computer has only one interface and is accessed using only that interface's IP address. In that regard, an IP address can be thought of as identifying a particular host system on a network, and so the IP address is usually referred to as the host address.





In fact, though, a host system could have several interfaces, each with its own IP address. This is the case for computers that operate as gateways and firewalls from the local network to the Internet. One interface usually connects to the LAN and another to the Internet, as by two Ethernet cards. Each interface (such as an Ethernet card) has its own IP address. For example, when you use the Red Hat Network Configuration tool to specify an IP address for an Ethernet card on your system, the Devices panel lists an entry for each Ethernet card installed on your computer, beginning with eth0 for the first. Opening up a Device window, you can select the TCP protocol in the Protocols panel to open a TCP/IP setting window where you can enter the card's IP address. Other Ethernet cards have their own IP addresses. Currently, the Linux kernel can support up to four network adapters. If you use a modem to connect to an ISP.

Originally, IP addresses were organized according to classes. On the Internet, networks are organized into three classes depending on their size-classes A, B, and C. A class A network uses only the first segment for the network address and the remaining three for the host, allowing a great many computers to be connected to the same network. Most IP addresses reference smaller, class C, networks. For a class C network, the first three segments are used to identify the network, and only the last segment identifies the host. Altogether, this forms a unique address with which to identify any network interface on computers in a TCP/IP network. For example, in the IP address 192.168.1.72, the network part is 192.168.1 and the interface/host part is 72. The interface/host is a part of a network whose own address is 192.168.1.0.

In a class C network, the first three numbers identify the network part of the IP address. This part is divided into three network numbers, each identifying a subnet. Networks on the Internet are organized into subnets, beginning with the largest and narrowing to small subnetworks. The last number is used to identify a particular computer, referred to as a host. You can think of the Internet as a series of networks with subnetworks; these subnetworks have their own subnetworks. The rightmost number identifies the host computer, and the number preceding it identifies the subnetwork of which the computer is a part. The number to the left of that identifies the network the subnetwork is part of, and so on. The Internet address 192.168.187.4 references the fourth computer connected to the network identified by the number 187.

An IPv6 address is written as 8 segments representing 16 bits each 128 bits total. To more easily represent 16 bit binary numbers, hexadecimal numbers are used. Hexadecimal numbers use 16 unique numbers, instead of the 8 used in octal numbering. These are 0 through 9, continuing with the characters A through F.
In the following example, the first four segments represent the network part of the IPv6 address, and the following four segments represent the interface (host) address.
FEC0:0000:0000:0000:0008:0800:200C:417A
You can cut any preceding zeros, but not trailing zeros in any given segment. Segments with all zeros can be reduced to a single zero.
FEC0:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A
The loopback address used for locahost addressing can be written with seven preceding zeros and a 1.
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
Many addresses will have sequences of zeros. IPv6 supports a shorthand symbol for representing a sequence of several zeros in adjacent fields. This consists of a double colon ::. There can be only one use of the :: symbol per address. 
FEC0::8:800:200C:417A

 
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mysql_query-executes query

10:13


mysql_query function  executes query on the default database, set using mysql_select_db() or by a previous query using mysql_db_query(), on the MySQL server connection referenced by connection . If no connection handle is specified in the connection argument, the last connection opened is used by default. If no connection is open, mysql_query() attempts to connect to a MySQL database by calling mysql_connect() without arguments.


The value returned depends on the query. SELECT, DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN, and SHOW queries return a MySQL result handle if successful and FALSE if they fail. Note that these types of queries are considered to have failed only if they're malformed. Other query types return TRUE on success and FALSE on failure.


To find the number of rows affected by a query:

mysql_num_rows()
To set the default database:
mysql_select_db()
To retrieve data from a query:
mysql_fetch_array() 
mysql_fetch_assoc() 
mysql_fetch_object() 
mysql_fetch_row() 
mysql_result()
To query a specific database:
mysql_db_query() 
 
 

mysql_result() fetches a single field from a MySQL result set. The function accepts two or three arguments.

The first argument should be a MySQL result handle returned by mysql_db_query() or mysql_query().
The second argument should be the row from which to fetch the field, specified as an offset. Row offsets start at 0.

The optional last argument can contain a field offset or a field name. If the argument is not set, a field offset of 0 is assumed. Field offsets start at 0, while field names are based on an alias, a column name, or an expression.
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PHP's variable-related functions

08:47

PHP's variable-related functions are a key part of the language. Skilled programmers rely on them extensively to build robust code that uses type-checking. Functions like var_dump() and print_r() are also invaluable when debugging.
Here is a quick, task-based overview of the function group:
  • Cast a value from one type to another: doubleval(), intval(), strval()
  • Set the type of a variable: settype()
  • Determine the type of a variable: is_array(), is_bool(), is_double(), is_float(), is_int(), is_integer(), is_long(), is_null(), is_numeric(), is_object(), is_real(), is_resource(), is_scalar(), is_string(), get_resource_type(), gettype()
  • Destroy variables: unset()
  • Gather information about variables: empty(), get_defined_vars(), isset(), print_r(), var_dump()
  • Serialize and unserialize variables: serialize(), unserialize()


    Print the entire $GLOBALS array using PHP's functions for processing associative arrays:

    <?php
reset($GLOBALS);
while (list($key, $var) = each($GLOBALS)) {
    print "$key => $var\ n<br>\ n";
}
?>

    The example uses PHP's list functions and each  functions to iteratively process the $GLOBALS array. It then prints the keys (names of the variables stored in the $GLOBALS array) and their corresponding values.

     PHP debugging
    var_dump functions displays information about variables in a simple, readable format. This function is very useful when debugging—providing a simple and easy way to display the current contents of one or more variables.
    For simple scalar variables such as booleans, integers, strings, and doubles, the type of the variable is printed, followed by an opening bracket, the value contained in the variable, and a closing bracket.
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Multi material 3d printers

08:14
3d systems offers high speed multi-material printer 3d  the new projet
 5500x by 3d systems was created for serious designers working in grand
scales with multiple materials in mind according to 3d systems, the new
printer. Multi-material 3d printing technology popular 3d printers what
appears to be a first in 3d printer technology for rapid prototyping is
 the ability to fabricate parts and assemblies made of multiple materials-such
 as hard and. Connex 500 multi-material 3d printer multi-material
composite materials 3d printer large, high-quality multi-material parts
 in a single build 3d systems projet 5500x delivers the highest quality.


Stratasys 3d printing technology creates lifelike multi multi-material 3d printer
 what appears to be a first in 3d printer technology for rapid prototyping building
 a part one layer at a time using a method of. 3d printer tx com multi color 3d
printers, costs rendering models using a variety of materials allows a finished
object to be viewed and analyzed before committing to cutting wood or printing
 plastic.
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Nargis Fakhri-gr8 dasi actress

07:47


Nargis Fakhri is now gr8 Bollywood actress.

She is an American model and actress.
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Set Google Reader Offline-new data

18:13
Google Gears is a Google-powered open source project aiming to allow  web site publishers to make a part of their application available offline.

 Not too many web sites have this feature enabled yet, but those that do allow you to use some parts of their application even when you're not connected to the Internet. Google Reader is one of the applications that is partially Gears-enabled.

To give this feature a try, log in to Google Reader at http://reader.google.com.
 You need to have the Firefox 1.5+ browser to get this to work, or, on Windows XP/ Vista,
 you can use Internet Explorer 6+ as well. In Reader, click the Offline link on top.
You will be taken through a Google Gears installation.


You will notice a new green arrow in the top navigation bar. This means that
you're in online mode—click the arrow to go into offline mode. The first time
you switch into offline mode, up to 2,000 articles from your subscribed Google
Reader feeds will be downloaded for you. After the download is done, you can
 disconnect from the Internet and still read some of your feeds.

Note that because Google Gears is a browser extension and not just a feature
of the web site, you need to install Gears on every computer on which you
want to use these offline capabilities.

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Sends a message via mail function in PHP

07:34
mail function allows you to send email directly from a PHP script. recipient can be
 either a single email address or a comma-delimited list of addresses.
 If you want to set extra headers—for instance, in order to use Cc: or
 Bcc:—these may be placed in a newline-delimited string in the extra_headers
 parameter. As of PHP  you can also specify extra arguments to the
 system mail program in the extra_arguments parameter.

<?php

$to = "example@gmail.com";
$subject = "example test";
$body = "test message test message  test message test message.";
$headers = "From:Deba\r\n";
$headers .= "Reply-To: example@testsite.com\r\n";
$headers .= "Return-Path: example@testsite.com\r\n";
$headers .= "X-Mailer: PHP5\n";
$headers .= 'MIME-Version: 1.0' . "\n";
$headers .= 'Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1' . "\r\n";
mail($to,$subject,$body,$headers);
?>


TRUE is returned if the function completes successfully;
 otherwise, FALSE is returned. However, this gives no indication as to
 whether the email ever reached its destination. This function fails
if any of recipient , subject , or message is left out, or if the
system's mail program fails for some reason.
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